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AdiposeTissue

Adipose tissue .human physiology .

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8 views

AdiposeTissue

Adipose tissue .human physiology .

Uploaded by

20maheshwarichalwadi02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADIPOSE TISSUE

OBJECTIVES
 Know the four locations fat is deposited
 Explain adipogenesis
 Explain lipogenesis
 Compare and contrast the different
factors affecting lipid metabolism
ANATOMICAL LOCATION
OF ADIPOSE
 Fat depots – locations where fat is
deposited
 Visceral
 Subcutaneous
 Intermuscular
 Intramuscular
VISCERAL FAT
 Located within the body cavity
 Surrounds locations that require protection
and insulation
 One of the first depots to develop
VISCERAL FAT
 Mesenteric Fat
 Located around the intestines
 Caul Fat
 Thinsheet of adipose tissue contained in a
large fold of connective tissue over the
stomach and adjacent organs
 Perirenal Fat
 Protective fat around the kidneys
 Also called kidney fat
VISCERAL FAT
 Leaf Fat
 Located between the lining of the thoracic
cavity and the ribs in mammalian meat
animals
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
 Located just under the skin or hide
 Also referred to as back fat
 Largest depot of fat in pork carcasses
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
 Outer Layer- First to develop
 Acts as insulation for the animal
 Middle Layer- Second to develop
 Normallythickest postnatally
 Most metabolically active
 Inner Layer- Last layer to develop
 Smalland thin
 Can be difficult to detect in lean animals
INTERMUSCULAR FAT
 Located around and in between
individual muscles or groups of muscles
 Also called “seam fat”
 Associated with the epimysium of
muscles
 Development of subcutaneous and
intermuscular depots may be
interchangeable
INTRAMUSCULAR FAT
 Last fat depot to develop
 Also called marbling
 Associated with the perimysium that
surrounds muscle fiber bundles
 Related to the eating quality of meat
BROWN FAT
 Exists at birth and contains more/larger
mitochondria than white fat
 Important for generation of heat in the
neonate
ADIPOGENESIS
 Increased vascularization of the
connective tissue during early stages
 Lobules (groups of adipoblasts) form
and are enclosed by a collagenous
sheath
ADIPOCYTE LIPIDS
 Adipocytes can store fatty acids, but not
triglycerides
 The glycerol must be removed to free
the fatty acids for storage
 Three fatty acids must be rejoined to a
glycerol once inside the adipocyte.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
METABOLISM
 Rate of fat deposition is a function of:
 Absorption of FAs from the blood
 FA synthesis and triglyceride formation
 Lipolysis
ADIPOGENESIS
 Once preadipocytes begin to mature
they will collect lipid droplets
 Multilocular
 Unilocular
ADIPOCYTE HYPERPLASIA
 Much adipocyte hyperplasia occurs
prenatally
 However, additional cells can be
recruited postnatally
 Recruitment has binomial distribution
ADIPOCYTE
HYPERTROPHY
 Adipoblasts are < 20 µm in diameter
 Mature adipocytes ~ 120 µm in
diameter
 Lipid droplet can make up >95% of the
cytoplasmic volume.
 Nucleus
is forced toward the outer
membrane
LIPOGENESIS
 Adipose tissue is the major site of
lipogenesis in cattle, sheep, and pigs
 The liver is the major site of lipogenesis
in avian species
FACTORS AFFECTING ADIPOSE
COMPOSITION AND LIPID METABOLISM
 Age
 Location
 Species
 Genetic selection
 Sex
 Hormones
 Nutrition
 Environment
CELLULARITY AND AGE
 The amount of lipid increases, as a
percentage of the tissue weight, in older
animals
 As we enter the fattening stage of the
growth curve we slow growth of other
tissues, leaving more energy to be
stored as fats.
ANATOMICAL LOCATION
 Fat depots develop at different times
 Some are larger than others based on which
developed first
 Intramuscular adipocytes may account
for 50% of the total NUMBER of
adipocytes, but may represent only 10%
of the total LIPID.
ANATOMICAL LOCATION
SPECIES
 Monogastric vs. Ruminants
 Microbes cause hydrogenation of fatty
acids that enter the rumen
 Convertsunsaturated fatty acids to
saturated fatty acids.
GENETICS
 In the 1950’s and 60’s genetic lines of
pigs may have had 5 cm of back fat at
market weight
 Now pigs may have a few mm at market
weight
SEX
 Testosterone inhibits lipid deposition.
 Increased fatness seen in females is
associated with a greater SIZE of
adipocytes rather than a greater
number.
 Due to estrogenic hormones
HORMONES
 In addition to sex hormones, Leptin
plays a major role in nutrient
partitioning
 Leptin is associated with feed intake and
appetite, and are seen in higher levels
in obese animals.
NUTRITION
 High fat diets depress FA synthesis while
low fat diets increase de novo synthesis
rates.
 The presence of high amount of
marbling generally indicates the animal
was fed on a high plane of nutrition.
 Diets with amino acid deficiencies often
result in increased lipogenesis due to
the excess energy
ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE
 Animals exposed to low temperature will
mobilize adipose tissue to support heat
production.
 At high temperatures feed intake is
depressed so as to inhibit heat
producing processes.
OBJECTIVES
 Know the four locations fat is deposited
 Explain adipogenesis
 Explain lipogenesis
 Compare and contrast the different
factors affecting lipid metabolism

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