Fundamental of Software

Engineering
CSE 3205
Chapter- One
Introduction

School of Engineering
Department of Computing
ASTU
11 October
1
What is software?
Computer programs and associated
documentation

Software products may be developed for a

particular customer or may be developed for
a general market
Software products may be
 Generic - developed to be sold to a range of
different customers
 Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single
customer according to their specification
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Programs versus Software Products
Usually small in size Large
Author himself is sole Large number of
user users
Single developer
Lacks proper user Team of developers
interface Well-designed
Lacks proper interface
documentation
Ad hoc development. Well documented &
user-manual
prepared
Systematic
development 3
Why Study Software Engineering? (1)

To acquire skills to develop

large programs.
Exponential growth in complexity
and difficulty level with size.
The ad hoc approach breaks
down when
size of software increases .

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Why Study Software Engineering? (2)

Ability to solve complex

programming problems:
How to break large projects into
smaller and manageable parts?
Learn techniques of:
specification, design,
interface development,
testing, project management,
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Why Study Software Engineering? (3)

To acquire skills to be

a better programmer:
Higher Productivity
Better Quality Programs

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Software Crisis
Software products:
fail to meet user
requirements.
frequently crash.
expensive.
difficult to alter, debug, and
enhance.
often delivered late.
use resources non-optimally. 7
Software Crisis (cont.)

Hw cost
Sw cost

1960 Year
1999
Relative Cost of Hardware and Software

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Why Software Engineering ?
1950s and 1960s, Systems Development
was unstructured & unorganized
Leap-year bug
 A supermarket was fined $1000 for having meat
around 1 day too long, on February 29, 1988.
Interface misuse
 On April 10, 1990, in London, an underground train
left the station without its driver.
Security
 On November 2, 1988, a self-propagating program,
subsequently called the Internet Worm, An
estimated 10% of all Internet nodes were affected.
The infection took several days to eradicate.
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Cont…
Late and over budget
 In 1995, bugs in the automated luggage system of
the new Denver International Airport caused
suitcases to be chewed up. The airport opened 16
months late, $3.2 billion over-budget, with a mostly
manual luggage system.
On-time delivery
 After 18 months of development, a $200 million
system was delivered to a health insurance company
in Wisconsin in 1984. However, the system did not
work correctly: $60 million in overpayments were
issued. The system took 3 years to fix.
Unnecessary complexity
 The C-17 cargo plane by McDonnell Douglas ran
$500 million over budget because of problems with
its avionics software. The C-17 included 19 onboard 10
Cont..
SE introduced first in 1968 – conference
about “software crisis” when the introduction
of third generation computer hardware led
more complex software systems than before
Early approaches based on informal
methodologies leading to
Delays in software delivery
Higher costs than initially estimated
Unreliable, difficult to maintain software
Need for new methods and techniques to
manage the production of complex software.

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However …
Important progress:
Ability to produce more complex software
has increased
New technologies have led to new SE
approaches
A better understanding of the activities
involved in software development
Effective methods to specify, design and
implement software have been developed
New notations and tools have been
produced
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I. What is Software Engineering?
Software engineering is the establishment
and use of sound engineering principles in
order to obtain economically software that is
reliable and works efficiently on real
machines.

 Software engineering is a modeling activity.

 Software engineering is a problem-solving
activity.
 Software engineering is a knowledge acquisition
activity.
 Software engineering is a rationale-driven
activity.
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Cont..
1. Modeling Activity:
A model is an abstract representation of a
system that enables us to answer questions
about the system.
Software engineers deal with complexity
through modeling, by focusing at any one
time on only the relevant details and ignoring
everything else.
Models are useful when dealing with systems
that are too large, too small, too complicated,
or too expensive
to experience firsthand.
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Cont…
2. Problem solving
Engineering is a problem-solving activity. It is
not algorithmic. In its simplest form, the
engineering method includes five steps:
1. formulate the problem
2. analyze the problem
3. search for solutions
4. decide on the appropriate solution
5. specify the solution

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Cont…
3. Knowledge acquisition
In modeling the application and solution
domain, software engineers collect data,
organize it into information, and formalize it
into knowledge.
Knowledge acquisition is nonlinear, as a
single piece of data can invalidate complete
models.
A common mistake that software engineers
and managers make is to assume that the
acquisition of knowledge needed to develop a
system is linear. 16
Cont…
4. Rationale management
When acquiring knowledge and making
decisions about the system or its application
domain, software engineers also need to
capture the context in which decisions were
made and the rationale behind these
decisions.
 enables software engineers to understand the
implication of a proposed change when revisiting a
decision.

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 What is the difference between software
engineering and computer science?
Computer Science Software Engineering
is concerned with
 theory  the practicalities of developing
 fundamentals  delivering useful software

Algorithms, date structures, SE deals with practical problems in

complexity theory, numerical complex software products
methods

Computer science theories are currently insufficient to

act as a complete underpinning for software
engineering, BUT it is a foundation for practical aspects
of software engineering 18
Software Engineering Body of Knowledge

Source: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/pub/documents/99.reports/pdf/99tr004.pdf
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 What is a software process?
SP is a set of activities whose goal is the
development or evolution of software
Fundamental activities in all software processes
are:
Specification - what the system should do
and its development constraints
Development - production of the software system
(design and implementation)
Validation - checking that the software is what the
customer wants
Evolution - changing the software in response to
changing demands 21
 What is a software process model?
SPM is a simplified representation of a software
process, presented from a specific perspective
Examples of process perspectives:
Workflow perspective represents inputs, outputs and
dependencies
Data-flow perspective represents data transformation
activities
Role/action perspective represents the roles/activities of the
people involved in software process
Generic process models
 Waterfall
 Evolutionary development
 Formal transformation
 Integration from reusable components

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 What is CASE ?
(Computer-Aided Software Engineering)
Software systems which are intended to provide
automated support for software process activities,
such as requirements analysis, system modelling,
debugging and testing
Upper-CASE
Tools to support the early process
activities of requirements and design
Lower-CASE
Tools to support later activities such as
programming, debugging and testing

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What are the attributes of good software?
The software should deliver the required
functionality and performance to the user and should
be maintainable, dependable and usable
Maintainability
 Software must evolve to meet changing needs
Dependability
 Software must be trustworthy
Efficiency
 Software should not make wasteful use of system
resources
Usability
 Software must be usable by the users for which it was
designed
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 What are the key challenges
facing software engineering?
Software engineering in the 21 st century
faces three key challenges:
Legacy systems
Old, valuable systems must be maintained and
updated
Heterogeneity
Systems are distributed and include
a mix of hardware and software
Delivery
There is increasing pressure
for faster delivery of software
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Thank You!
Q?

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