C++ Programming:
Problem Solving and
Programming
Chapter 4
Operators and Expressions
Objectives
• Operators and Expressions
− Understand and use the arithmetic, relational and
logical operators.
− Understand and use the assignment operators
and expressions.
Expressions
• A sequence of operands and operators that
reduces to a single value.
• No limit to the number of operators and operands
in an expression.
• An operator is a syntactical token that requires an
action to be taken. ( +, -, *, /, % …).
• An operand receives an operator’s action.
Expressions
Operator
• E.g. expression: 3 + 6 - 4
Operand
• Can be simple (contains only one operator) or
complex (contains more that one operator).
• E.g. simple expression 🡪 2 + 5
• E.g. complex expression 🡪 7 + 12 * 3
Types of Operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Increment and decrement operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Ternary conditional operators
Arithmetic Operators
C++ Operation Arithmetic C++ Expression
operator
Addition + 5 + 2 is 7
5.0 + 2.0 is 7.0
Subtraction - 5 – 2 is 3
5.0 – 2.0 is 3.0
Multiplication * 5 * 2 is 10
5.0 * 2.0 is 10.0
Division / 5.0 / 2.0 is 2.5
5 / 2 is 2
Avoid
Modulus (remainder) % 5 % 2 is 1 Integer Division
To prevent integer division:
Example 1:
double comm,sales;
sales = 1000.00;
comm = 6/100*sales; comm = 6/100.0*sales;
Example 2 (Use of cast operator):
int num1=12, num2=5;
double total;
total =num1/num2; total
=(double)num1/num2;
Assignment Operators
• Evaluates the operand on the right side of the
operator (=) and places its value in the variable
on the left.
• The left operand must be a single variable.
a = b + 10;
temperature = 98.6;
count = count + 2;
Assignment Operators
• Simple assignment – found in algebraic
expressions.
x = 9;
y = x + 10;
z = y * x;
• Multiple assignment
a = b = c = d = e = 100;
− The assignment associates from right to left
• Assignment within another calculation.
value = 5 + (s = 5 - a)
Assignment Operators
• Compound assignment - A shorthand notation for a
simple assignment.
• Requires the left operand be repeated as a part of the
right expression.
• Five compound assignment operators:
*= %= -=
/= +=
• E.g.
x *= y + 5 evaluated as x = x *( y + 5 )
Compound Assignment
Compound Assignment Equivalent Simple Assignment
x += y x=x+y
x -= y x=x-y
x *= y x=x*y
x /= y x=x/y
x %= y x=x%y
x *= y+1 x = x * (y+1)
Precedence and Associativity
• Precedence is used to determine the order in
which different operators in a complex
expression are evaluated.
• Associativity is used to determine the order in
which operators with the same precedence are
evaluated in a complex expression.
Order of Precedence
• All operations inside of parenthesis ( ) are
evaluated first
• The higher precedence operators in the table will
be performed first as compared to the lower ones
(refer the table on next slide)
• When operators are on the same level
⮚ Perform from left to right
Order of Precedence
Order of Precedence - Example
• Example
⮚ (2 + 3) * 4 = 20
⮚ 2 + 3 * 4 = 14
⮚ 3*8%5/2=2
⮚ 10>90 && 5<8 || 1 = 1
Types of Associativity
a) Left
associativity:
It evaluates the expression by
starting on the left and moving to the
b)
right Right
associativity:
It evaluates the expression by
proceeding from the right to the left
Left Associativity
3*8/4%4*5
Right Associativity
a += b *= c -= 5
a=a+b=b*c=c-
5
Types of Associativity - Example
■If a=3, b=5, c=8;
a+=b*=c-=5;
■So,
a= a+ (b= b* (c= c-5 )))
a= 3+ (b=(5* (c= 8-5 )))
=18
Operators
precedenc
e and
associativit
y in C++
Increment & Decrement Operators
• Increment operator (++):
- increment the value of a variable by 1
• Decrement operator (--):
- decrement the value of a variable by 1
• Prefix & Postfix expression:
✔ Prefix-increment: ++variable
✔ Postfix-increment: variable++
✔ Prefix-decrement: --variable
✔ Postfix-decrement: variable--
Increment & Decrement Operators
Note :
(++a) and (a++) has the same effect as (a = a + 1)
Prefix & Postfix Expression
• Prefix expression:
✔ The effect of increment/decrement is seen when
the current statement is evaluated
• Postfix expression:
✔ The effect of increment/decrement is seen after
the current statement is evaluated
Prefix Expression
FIGURE 4-6 Result of Prefix ++a
Prefix Expression - Examples
1. int a, b = 5, c, d = 10;
c = ++d;
a = --b;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << “, c = ” <<
c << “, d = ” << d;
a=4, b=4, c=11, d=11
Prefix Expression - Examples
2. a = 5;
b = 10;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << endl;
cout <<“++a = ” << ++a << “--b= ” << --b << endl;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << endl;
a=5, b=10
++a=6, --b=9
a=6, b=9
Postfix Expression
FIGURE 4-8 Result of Postfix a++
Postfix Expression - Examples
1. int a, b = 5, c, d = 10;
c = d++;
a = b --;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << “, c = ” <<
c << “, d = ” << d;
a=5, b=4, c=10, d=11
Postfix Expression - Examples
2. a = 5;
b = 10;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << endl;
cout <<“++a = ” << a++ << “--b= ” << b-- << endl;
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << endl;
a=5, b=10
a++=5, b--=10
a=6, b=9
Exercise
int x=6, y=20, a, b;
a=20, b=5
a=y++; x=5, y=22
b=--x; x=4, y=22
a+b=8, b=4
cout << “a= ” << a << “, b= ” << b << endl;
cout << “x= ” << x-- << “, y= ” << ++y << endl;
a=--b;
cout << “x= ” << x << “, y= ” << y << endl;
cout << “a+b=” << a+b << “, b= ” << b << endl;
Exercise
Given the following:
int x=9, y=5, z=31, m=1234;
Find the value of the following expressions. Assume
all the
questions are independent (not related).
a) 14
a) x++ + y++
b) ++x - --z b) -20
c) z – (x + z) % 2 + 4 c) 35
d) x – 4 * (3 + z) + y
e) (m/10) % 10
d) -122
e) 3
Relational Operators
• Always produces a TRUE(nonzero) or
FALSE (0) result.
• E.g.
int a = 5, b =10, c = 15, d = 5;
− a>b
( return 0)
− b >= a b<c d <= b c>a
( all return nonzero value )
Relational Operators
Relationship Operator
Equal to ==
Not equal to !=
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to >=
Less than <
Less than or equal to <=
e.g. if(mark > 100)
cout << “invalid”;
Logical Operators
• Logical data have only two values: TRUE or FALSE
• If a data value is zero, it is considered false. If it is
nonzero, it is considered true.
Zero ≡ FALSE
Nonzero (positive / negative) ≡ TRUE
Logical Operator
Logic Operator
NOT, negation !
AND &&
OR ||
Logical Operators - Example
if(!(valid_answer))
cout << “invalid”;
if(mark < 0 || mark >
100)
cout << “invalid”;
x = 1;
while(x <= 10) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
Exercise
Given int i = 7, float f = 5.5 and char c
= ‘w’
Expression Meaning
a) f > 5 True
b) (i + f) <= 10 Fals
c) c == 119 Truee
d) c != ‘p’ True
e) c >= 10 * (i +f) Fals
f) (f < 11) && (i > 100) e
Fals
g) (i >= 6) || (c == 119) e
True
h) !(f > 5) Fals
e
Ternary Conditional Operators
• An alternative to the if…else for two-way selection.
• Format:
expression1 ? expression_A :
expression_B
• Evaluate the leftmost expression (expression1)
first.
• If expression1 is TRUE, the value of the
conditional expression is the value of
expression_A. Otherwise, the value will be the
value of expression_B.
Ternary Conditional Operators
• If a equal to b, c-- will be evaluated and c++
will be ignored.
• If a not equal to b, c++ will be evaluated and
c-- will be ignored.
