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March 2021
Research Design
Research Design
S. Hassan Adelyar, Ph.D
Research Methodology
Instructor of Computer Science Faculty
Kabul University
March 2023
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Research Designs March 2021
Research Design
A framework of methods & techniques chosen
by a researcher that:
Combine various components of research in
a reasonable & logical manner.
The conceptual structure within which
research is conducted.
Research Methodology
Arrangement of conditions for collection,
measurement and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose.
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March 2021
Research Design
The design decisions happen to be in
respect of:
The objectives of the study
The type of data
The place of data
Research Methodology
The sample design
Find answers to research questions.
Explain the type of research.
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March 2021
Research Design
Type of research methodology
Data collection method
Measurement
Data Analysis
The participants and sources
Research Methodology
The variables and hypotheses
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Proper Research Design March 2021
Research Design
Validly
To
Economically answer Objectively
questions
Research Methodology
Accurately
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March 2021
Research Design
Research design has two main functions:
Identification of procedures and its
logistical arrangements.
The importance of quality in these
procedures to ensure their validity,
Research Methodology
objectivity & accuracy.
7 Conceptualizing Research Design
March 2021
Research Design
The core
of research
design
Procedures
What Logical arrangement
Research Methodology
How The quality of the
procedures
8 Qualitative & Quantitative Research Design
March 2021
Research Design
Research design can be broadly
classified into:
Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantitative & qualitative research
Research Methodology
methodologies differ in:
The methods of data collection
Procedures for data processing &
analysis
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March 2021
Research Design
Qualitative Study Design
Understanding + new knowledge +
meaning of phenomena
Less specific
Flexible
Research Methodology
Emergent / growing
Non-linear
Interpretive & Open-ended
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March 2021
Research Design
Researcher bias (flexibility + lack of
control).
Unstructured interview for data
collection.
Identifying themes for analyzing data
Research Methodology
Describing what you have found
Data is not subjected to statistical
procedures.
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March 2021
Research Design
The main focus is to understand,
explain, explore, and clarify situations.
Often based on deductive rather than
inductive logic.
Research Methodology
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March 2021
Research Design
Inductive Deductive
Observation Theory
Pattern Hypotheses
Research Methodology
Hypotheses Observation
Theory Confirmation
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March 2021
Research Design
Quantitative Research Design
Quantitative research is implemented
in cases where it is important for a
researcher to have statistical
conclusions to collect actionable
Research Methodology
insights.
View the world with complexity but
based on fixed laws of causes.
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March 2021
Research Design
Specific, fixed and predetermined
Well structured
Tested for their validity and reliability.
Because of control it is easy to check
researcher bias.
Research Methodology
Structured interview for data
collection.
Counting & statistical procedures.
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March 2021
Research Design
Natural Phenomena & natural science
Social science (survey, formal
methods)
Positivist research approach
Research Methodology
16 Research Design & the Purpose of the Research
March 2021
Research Design
The research design also depends on the
research purpose.
Research purposes may be grouped into four
categories:
Exploration
Description
Research Methodology
Explanation
Experimentation
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March 2021
Research Design
Explorative Research
Flexible research design
To provide opportunity for considering
many different aspects of a problem
Descriptive Research
Research Methodology
Suitable design will be one that minimizes
bias and maximizes the reliability of the
data collected and analyzed.
Variable relationship
18 Research Design & Sampling
March 2021
Research Design
The researcher must decide the way of
selecting a sample.
A definite plan determined before any data are
actually collected.
Samples can be:
Non-probability / Deliberate sampling
Research Methodology
Probability samples
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
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Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools
March 2021
Research Design
The technique of developing
measurement tools involves a four-stage
process, consisting of the following:
Concept development
Specification of concept dimensions
Research Methodology
Selection of indicators
Formation of index
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March 2021
Research Design
The first and foremost step is that of
concept development which means that
the researcher should arrive at an
understanding of the major concepts
pertaining to his study.
Research Methodology
The second step requires the researcher
to specify the dimensions of the concepts
that he developed in the first stage.
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March 2021
Research Design
Once the dimensions of a concept have
been specified, the researcher must
develop indicators for measuring each
concept element. Indicators are specific
questions, scales, or other devices by
which respondent’s knowledge, opinion,
Research Methodology
expectation, etc., are measured.
The last step is that of combining the
various indicators into an index.
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March 2021
Research Design
When we have several dimensions of a
concept or different measurements of a
dimension, we may need to combine
them into a single index.
Research Methodology
End of Chapter 3
Question?
