1105.

1241
288 SLIDES REVIEW FOR MIDTERM
A2-C1
A8-C1-6
 Intro To Matter & Chemistry
• Chemistry is a branch of science that describes matter
and its:
– Composition
– Structure
– Properties
– Transformations
• Matter can be defined as anything that has mass
and occupies space.

PG Page Number: Extra 2

 Intro To Matter & Chemistry

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Matter is classified according to different
characteristics or properties.
• The properties of matter are classified as:
– Chemical
– Physical

PG Page Number: 1-6 3

 Intro To Matter & Chemistry
Physical Properties
• Physical properties are those characteristics used to describe a substance,
or those properties that can be observed without a change in the
composition of the matter.
• Physical properties include:
– Colour
– Hardness
– Density
– Boiling point
– Electrical conductivity
• Although the physical appearance of the substance may change, the
chemical composition is still the same.
• For example, a block of ice is composed of a hydrogen and oxygen
compound in the solid state. When the ice melts, its physical state changes
to a liquid, but it is still chemically composed of the same hydrogen and
oxygen compound.

PG Page Number: 1-6 4

 Intro To Matter & Chemistry
Physical properties can be subdivided, as follows:
• An intensive property is one that is not dependent on
the amount of matter.
• For example:
– The boiling point of water is 100°C at standard atmospheric
pressure of 101.3kPa, whether boiling one litre or one
thousand litres
– The colour of iodine remains unchanged, independent of the
volume. All chemical properties are intensive.
• An extensive property is one that is dependent on the
amount of matter. Volume and mass are both
examples of extensive properties.

PG Page Number: 1-7 5

 Intro To Matter & Chemistry
Mixtures
• Most natural substances in the world are mixtures; that is, they are combinations of two or more
pure sub- stances that aren't chemically bound to each other. Two types of mixtures include:
• Homogeneous Mixtures
– A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, exhibits uniform composition throughout.
• Heterogeneous Mixtures
– A heterogeneous mixture has a non-uniform composition as well as differing properties.
The substances may or may not be in the same physical state.
Pure Substances
• A pure substance can be defined as any type of matter having a constant composition and displaying
identical properties under identical conditions. There are two types of pure substances.
Elements
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler forms of matter.
• Note: The Periodic Table, shown in your handbook of formulae shows only the first 112 elements. It
will be updated when approved to do so. Elements 113 to 118 are new and have largely unknown
chemical properties.
Compounds
• A compound is a pure substance that consists of two or more elements, chemically bound together,
in fixed proportions by mass.

PG Page Number: 1-11 6

Intro To Matter & Chemistry

PG Page Number: 1-1 7

The state of matter depends on

size and shape

temperature and pressure

weight and length

pressure and density

The state of matter depends on

size and shape

temperature and pressure

weight and length

pressure and density

 Matter can be defined as

having mass and occupies space.

is visible with defined dimensions

is invisible

has shape
 Matter can be defined as

having mass and occupies space.

is visible with defined dimensions

is invisible

has shape
 Chemical Change

Burning natural gas

Melting lead

CO2 leak

Alcohol evaporating
 Chemical Change

Burning natural gas

Melting lead

CO2 leak

Alcohol evaporating
When the composition of a substance is altered

Physical property

Chemical property

Physical change

Chemical change
When the composition of a substance is altered

Physical property

Chemical property

Physical change

Chemical change
Main categories of Matter

Compounds and elements

Mixtures and pure substances

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

Solids and liquids

Main categories of Matter
Compounds and elements

Mixtures and pure

substances

Homogeneous and
heterogeneous

Solids and liquids

 Chemical change

Two or
more Physical change
elements
which are
combined Mixture
chemically
Compound
 Chemical
change

Two or Physical
more change
elements
which are Mixture
combined
chemically
Compound
 AN ATOM
cannot be
separated A COMPOUND
into any
other
materials A MIXTURE
by any
chemical
means AN ELEMENT
 AN ATOM
cannot be
separated A COMPOUND
into any
other
materials A MIXTURE
by any
chemical
means AN ELEMENT
two or more pure substances not chemically bound
to each other

a an atomic
compound structure

a
a mixture
molecule
two or more pure substances not chemically bound
to each other

a an atomic
compound structure

a
mixture molecule
homogeneous mixture
emulsion

sand and
water

flue gas

bitumen
homogeneous mixture
emulsion

sand and
water

flue gas

bitumen
heterogeneous mixture

acid

flue gas

oil and water emulsion

soda water
heterogeneous mixture

acid

flue gas

oil and water emulsion

soda water
To separate a compound

The original The original

chemical bond mass is
is broken decreased.

A massive A homogeneous
amount of heat mixture is
is released. formed.
To separate a compound

The original The original

chemical bond mass is
is broken decreased.

A massive A homogeneous
amount of heat mixture is
is released. formed.
 change of state of a matter

interaction of electrons
Chemical between different atoms.
reactions decomposition of a matter
involve under a controlled
environment
the process that would
separate elements
 change of state of a matter

interaction of electrons
Chemical between different atoms.
reactions decomposition of a matter
involve under a controlled
environment
the process that would
separate elements
 nucleus

oxidizing proton

Shared
electron negative electron

valence electron
 nucleus

oxidizing proton

Shared
electron negative electron

valence
electron
 In a covalent bond, the valence electrons are

Inside the nucleus

bond the inner shell of the atom

chemically bond all the atoms

shared between the atoms

 In a covalent bond, the valence electrons are

Inside the nucleus

bond the inner shell of the atom

chemically bond all the atoms

shared between the atoms

 outside around
of the the
Chemical nucleus nucleus
reactions
do not
involve within the
farther
interactions nucleus
than the
nucleus
 outside around
of the the
Chemical nucleus nucleus
reactions
do not
involve farther
interactions within the than the
nucleus nucleus
 Sodium chloride

Ionic bond Methane

example
Iron

H2O
 Sodium chloride

Ionic bond Methane

example
Iron

H2O
 based on mass

based on molecules.
reaction
equations
based on volume

based on ions
 based on mass

based on molecules.
reaction
equations
based on volume

based on ions
 calculations involving
reactions

calculations of mixtures

Stoichiometry
liquefied gases

Study of the
stratosphere
 calculations involving
reactions

calculations of
mixtures
*Stoichiometry
**
liquefied gases

Study of the
stratosphere
 Use the reactivity of each
element

To calculate Use the force of attraction

of atoms
the
amounts of Use chemical equations
reactants,
Use molecular activity for
each atom
 Use the reactivity of each
element

To calculate Use the force of attraction

of atoms
the
amounts of Use chemical
reactants, equations

Use molecular activity for

each atom
 it is not dangerous the
health
Sodium it is an economical way to
Sulfites is remove dissolved O2
quite
you can add it to drinking
popular water
as**
there is no danger for
caustic embrittlement
 it is not dangerous the
health
*Sodium
it is an economical way to
Sulfites is remove dissolved O2
quite
popular you can add it to drinking
as* water

there is no danger for

caustic embrittlement
phosphates are added
to boiler water to
prevent
boiler tube pitting

sludge formation

scale formation

high pH level
phosphates are added
to boiler water to
prevent
boiler tube pitting

sludge formation

scale formation

high pH level
 Too high pH (excess NaOH)

heavy sludge deposits

a drop in pH

phosphate contamination

caustic embrittlement and cracking

 Too high pH (excess NaOH)

heavy sludge deposits

a drop in pH

phosphate contamination

caustic embrittlement and cracking

 Oxygen scavenging is the chemical
reaction for

Control control the hydrazine effects

prevent pitting due to dissolved oxygen in boiler water

Prevent

absorb the carbon dioxides molecules from feedwater

Absorb

Produce produce a protective coating on the metal surfaces

 Oxygen scavenging is the chemical
reaction for

Control Prevent Absorb Produce

• control the • prevent • absorb the • produce a
hydrazine pitting carbon protective
effects due to dioxides coating on the
dissolved molecules metal surfaces
oxygen in from
boiler feedwater
water
 Basic Electricity
-
+

PG Page Number: 1-4 54

 Basic Electricity
-
+

PG Page Number: 1-4 55

 Basic Electricity

Conventional current flow ( + to - )

PG Page Number: 1-7 56

 Basic Electricity
3. OHM’S LAW
• Ohm’s Law shows the relationship between resistance (R)
and current (I) and applied voltage or electromotive forces
(E), measured in volts (V)
• If the voltage applied to a circuit is increased, the pressure
causing electrons to flow through the circuit is increased.
• The increase in pressure cause greater current flow.
• If the resistance to the current flow is increased, current flow
is decreased.
• Formula
or See A/S pg 33,36

PG Page Number: 1-10 57

 Basic Electricity
3. OHM’S LAW
• Ohm’s Law shows the relationship between resistance (R)
and current (I) and applied voltage or electromotive forces
(E), measured in volts (V)
• If the voltage applied to a circuit is increased, the pressure
causing electrons to flow through the circuit is increased.
• The increase in pressure cause greater current flow.
• If the resistance to the current flow is increased, current flow
is decreased.
• Formula
or See A/S pg 33,36

PG Page Number: 1-10 58

 Basic Electricity
5. Parallel Resistance Circuits
• If two or more resistors are connected in
parallel, more paths are available for current
flow through, and the equivalent parallel
resistance is decreased.

6V 10Ω 10Ω

PG Page Number: 1-19 59

 Increased
flexibility
• Single wire
• Double wire
• Multiple strands
• Mineral insulation

60
 Increased
flexibility
• Single wire
• Double wire
• Multiple strands
• Mineral insulation

61
 *1-29 Basic Electricity
• Temperature has an effect on the resistance. Most
conductors increase in resistance with an increase in
temperature. = positive temperature co-efficient.

• A few substances, such as carbon, have a negative

temperature coefficient.

PG Page Number: 1-29 62

 Basic Electricity
8. POWER
• Power is the rate of doing work. Electrical
power also fits this definition.
• The unit is the watt (W).
• Electrical Power = P = I x E
• Ohm's Law formulas on page 36(40) of the
Academic Supplement .

PG Page Number: 1-30 63

Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Electric Current and Magnetism
• When an electric current flows in a conductor, a
circular magnetic field is set up around the
conductor. Magnetic field direction and
intensity depends upon the direction and
intensity of current flow.
• When the direction of the current flow is reversed,
the lines of force also reverse.
• conventional current flow + positive to - negative.

PG Page Number: 2-5 64

 reverse
• If current direction is switched in a current carrying conductor
in a magnetic field what happens to the direction of the force
moving the conductor
– accelerate
– stay constant
– alternate
– reverse

PG Page Number: 2-1 65

• The magnetic fields around two conductors side by side with
current flowing in opposite directions
– Cancel
– Reinforce
– are permeated
– are reluctant

PG Page Number: 2-1 66

 Cancel/diminish
• The magnetic fields around two conductors side by side with
current flowing in opposite directions
– Cancel

– Reinforce
– are permeated
– are reluctant

PG Page Number: 2-1 68

 difference between an AC and a DC generator

• DC generator has
– a rotor
– a commutator
– slip rings
– flux fields

PG Page Number: 2-1 69

 difference between an AC and a DC generator

• DC generator has
– a rotor
– a commutator
– slip rings
– flux fields

PG Page Number: 2-1 71

 To increase DC generator voltage
• reduce speed

• increase the number of conductors

• decreasing magnetic field

• increasing conductors’ resistance

PG Page Number: 2-1 72

One conductor = voltage
PG Page Number: 2-1 73
PG Page Number: 2-1 74
 To increase DC generator voltage
• reduce speed

• increase the number of conductors

• decreasing magnetic field

• increasing conductors’ resistance

PG Page Number: 2-1 75

 brushes and commutator

AC generator
commutator and split rings
connection to
external circuit is
mechanical rectification

slip rings and brushes

PG Page Number: 2-1 76

PG Page Number: 2-1 77
 brushes and commutator

AC generator
commutator and split rings
connection to
external circuit is
mechanical rectification

slip rings and brushes

PG Page Number: 2-1 78

*P 2-17 Lines of force are
interrupted by a live are equal
strongest
conductor within a above and
magnetic field above the
below
conductor

strongest
at North
below
Pole
conductor

PG Page Number: 2-17 79

80
*P 2-17 Lines of force are
interrupted by a live are equal
strongest
conductor within a above and
magnetic field above the
below
conductor

strongest
at North
below
Pole
conductor

PG Page Number: 2-17 81

Review metering devices

PG Page Number: 3-1 83

Setting on DMM to check ability to conduct electricity

Resistance

Current (AC or DC)

Voltage (AC or DC)

Continuity

PG Page Number: 3-1 84

PG Page Number: 3-1 85
Setting on DMM to check ability to conduct electricity

Resistance

Current (AC or DC)

Voltage (AC or DC)

Continuity

PG Page Number: 3-1 86

 USING OHM METER
• know type of circuit
• use a digital meter
• expected measured value
• De-energize circuit

PG Page Number: 3-1 87

 USING OHM METER
• know type of circuit
• use a digital meter
• expected measured value
• De-energize circuit

PG Page Number: 3-1 88

TO CHECK OHMS, START AT HIGHEST RANGE

PG Page Number: 3-1 89

PG Page Number: 3-1
Disconnect all power to the
circuit you’re testing to get an
accurate reading. Important
for your own safety.

USING The ohmmeter will supply the

voltage and current.
OHMMETER
DISCONNECT
ALL POWER Using an ohmmeter on a powered
circuit can cause damage to the
meter, the circuit, and you.

90
PG Page Number: 3-1
Disconnect all power to the
circuit you’re testing to get an
accurate reading. Important
for your own safety.TRUE
USING
OHMMETER The ohmmeter will supply the
voltage and current.TRUE
DISCONNECT
ALL POWER
ALL TRUE Using an ohmmeter on a powered
circuit can cause damage to the
meter, the circuit, and you.TRUE

91
• resistors of 15, 40, and 100 ohms in parallel and the circuit amperage is 76 A
• applied voltage =

PG Page Number: 3-1 92

 344.3 V
• resistors of 15, 40, and 100 ohms in parallel and the circuit amperage is 76 A applied voltage =

PG Page Number: 3-1 93

 USING VOLT METER
• in series with the ammeter
• parallel with the tested device
• between the battery and resistance
• in series with the circuit

PG Page Number: 3-1 94

PG Page Number: 3-1 95
 USING VOLT
METER
• in series with the ammeter
• parallel with the tested
device
• between the battery and
resistance
• in series with the circuit

PG Page Number: 3-1 96

 Connect ammeter, black to
• Positive side of the circuit
• A reference point outside of the circuit
• Negative side of the circuit
• Switch of the circuit

PG Page Number: 3-1 97

PG Page Number: 3-1 98
3-7* internal •
•
Low
Unmeasurable
resistance of • Some
an Ammeter • High

PG Page Number: 3-1 99

3-7* internal • Low
resistance of •
•
Unmeasurable
Some
an Ammeter • High

PG Page Number: 3-1 100

 “ Megger ” test:

• The circuit must be de-energized.

• Capacitors in the circuit need to be discharged to prevent

meter damage.

• Beware of high voltage levels! 15,000 VOLTS

• Have people stay clear of the test area.

PG Page Number: 3-1 101
“ Megger ”
test:

PG Page Number: 3-1 102

PG Page Number: 3-1
3-7 * reading a
power meter

read dials that rotate counter-clockwise first

Read dials from left to right
Read dials that rotate clockwise first
read dials from right to left

10
3
PG Page Number: 3-1
3-7 * reading a
power meter

read dials that rotate counter-clockwise first

Read dials from left to right
Read dials that rotate clockwise first
read dials from right to left

10
4
 red pointer of a kilowatt power meter:

• reads instantaneous power demand

• shows the highest power demand achieved
• is manually reset
• indicates the voltage being utilized

PG Page Number: 3-1 105

3-15* Red pointer instantaneous power demand

PG Page Number: 3-1 106

Quiz questions motors and generators

PG Page Number: 4-1 107

 The main components of a DC
machine are supported by a yoke
made from:

copper or brass

mica and carbon

copper and carbon

cast steel or iron (due to high magnetic permeability)*

PG Page Number: 4-1 108

 The main components of a DC
machine are supported by a yoke
made from:

copper or brass

mica and carbon

copper and carbon

cast steel or iron (due to high magnetic permeability)*

PG Page Number: 4-1 109

Permanent magnets are used
in place of electromagnets in:

larger DC motors and generators

constant speed alternators

variable speed alternators

Smaller DC motors and generators.

PG Page Number: 4-1 110
Permanent magnets are used
in place of electromagnets in:

larger DC motors and generators

constant speed alternators

variable speed alternators

Smaller DC motors and generators.

PG Page Number: 4-1 111
 A rheostat
DC
machine armature reaction
field
strength
is varied flux distortion
by using
flux concentration
PG Page Number: 4-1
 A rheostat
DC
machine armature reaction
field
strength
is varied flux distortion
by using
flux concentration
PG Page Number: 4-1
 armature
A DC
machine
_____ is
made yoke
from
laminate
d steel bearings
plates
mounted
on a
shaft:
coils
PG Page Number: 4-1
 armature
A DC
machine
_____ is
made yoke
from
laminate
d steel bearings
plates
mounted
on a
shaft:
coils
PG Page Number: 4-1
 • remains constant
As back
EMF • Decreases
decreases
the net • Increases
armature
EMF • decreases amount of
armature current
PG Page Number: 4-1
 • remains constant
As back
EMF • Decreases
decreases
the net • Increases
armature
EMF • decreases amount of
armature current
PG Page Number: 4-1
4-23 Salient pole (rotor) construction in an
alternator has the advantage of ____ mass:

constant

increased

reduced

removed
PG Page Number: 4-1 118
4-23 Salient pole (rotor) construction in an
alternator has the advantage of ____ mass:

constant

increased

reduced
removed

PG Page Number: 4-1 119

 Stator pole
pairs are
connected in Synchronous
two distinct
ways; which
is the Star(wye)
preferred
connection
that provides
higher induction wound
voltage with
lower current
power: Salient
PG Page Number: 4-1 120
 Stator pole
pairs are Synchronous
connected in
two distinct
ways; which
is the Star (wye)
preferred
connection
that provides
higher
induction wound
voltage with
lower current
power: Salient

PG Page Number: 4-1 121

PG Page Number: 4-1
current

Alternators
run at a power
constant
speed in to
maintain : voltage

Frequency.

12
2
PG Page Number: 4-1
current

Alternators
run at a power
constant
speed in to
maintain : voltage

Frequency.

12
3
PG Page Number: 4-1
alternators
Synchronou
s motors
have gas turbines
construction
that is
identical to:
air driven motors

centrifugal fans
12
4
PG Page Number: 4-1
alternators
Synchronou
s motors
have gas turbines
construction
that is
identical to:
air driven motors

centrifugal fans
12
5
 • f = pN/60
Alternator
• f = pN/600
synchronous
• f = pN * 60
speed can be
• f = pN x 600
determined by
PG Page Number: 4-1 126
 Alternator • f = pN/60
synchronous • f = pN/600
speed can be • f = pN * 60
determined by • f = pN x 600
PG Page Number: 4-1 127
PG Page Number: 4-1 128
speed of an 8 pole synchronous motor
operating with a line frequency of 60
Hz

1900 rpm

9100 rpm

2900 rpm

900 rpm
PG Page Number: 4-1 129
speed of an 8 pole synchronous motor
operating with a line frequency of 60
Hz

1900 rpm

9100 rpm

2900 rpm

900 rpm
PG Page Number: 4-1 130
PG Page Number: 4-1
slip-ring induction motor

An AC
motor,
which will induction motor
drop out of
synchronis
m and wound rotor induction
simply trip motor
the circuit
when
overloaded:
synchronous motor

13
1
PG Page Number: 4-1
slip-ring induction motor

An AC
motor,
which will induction motor
drop out of
synchronis
m and wound rotor induction
simply trip motor
the circuit
when
overloaded:
synchronous motor

13
2
three phase power, each conductor is ___
electrical degrees out of phase with each
other:

30 90

120 180
PG Page Number: 4-1 133
three phase power, each conductor is ___
electrical degrees out of phase with each
other:

30 90

120 180
PG Page Number: 4-1 134
 To transfer the power to or from the
rotor on alternators or some AC
motors

slip rings

field poles

a commutator

rheostats
PG Page Number: 4-1 135
 To transfer the power to or from the
rotor on alternators or some AC
motors

slip rings
field poles

a commutator

rheostats

PG Page Number: 4-1 136

PG Page Number: 4-1 percentage
Power Factor
on name plate
may be
expressed in a rating code
number less
than one or as
a:
duty code

fraction
13
7
PG Page Number: 4-1 percentage
Power Factor
on name plate
may be rating code
expressed in a
number less
than one or as
a:
duty code

fraction

13
8
PG Page Number: 4-1
Thermally expanded
front casing
TEFC under
the heading
of ENCL on
Totally enclosed fan
a name cooled
plate
means? Temperature enclosed
Freon cooled
Teflon enclosed ferrite
casing
13
9
PG Page Number: 4-1
Thermally expanded
front casing
TEFC under
the heading
of ENCL on Totally enclosed fan
a name cooled
plate
means? Temperature enclosed
Freon cooled
Teflon enclosed ferrite
casing
14
0
PG Page Number: 4-1
intermittent or continuous
duty
electric
motors, the motor external
"service dimensions
factor"
means: the permissible overload
for short period of time*

the types of work it is

designed for

14
1
PG Page Number: 4-1
intermittent or continuous
duty
electric
motors, the motor external
"service dimensions
factor"
means: the permissible overload
for short period of time*

the types of work it is

designed for

14
2
PG Page Number: 4-1
National motor association
Which
Association
assigns frame North American electrical
numbers that
designate association
specific
external
dimensions? Nameplate Designation
Association of Canada

National Electrical
Manufacturers Association

14
3
PG Page Number: 4-1
National motor association
Which
Association
assigns frame North American electrical
numbers that
designate association
specific
external
dimensions? Nameplate Designation
Association of Canada

National Electrical
Manufacturers Association

14
4
PG Page Number: 4-1 7.6
Power is supplied
to a circuit at 110
V. The current
drawn is 100 A,
while the current
doing actual work
6.7
is 76 A. What is
the

0.76
power factor?

0.67
14
5
PG Page Number: 4-1 7.6
Power is supplied
to a circuit at 110
V. The current
drawn is 100 A,
while the current
doing actual work
6.7
is 76 A. What is
the

0.76
power factor?

0.67
14
6
PG Page Number: 4-1 8.36 kW
Power is supplied
to a circuit at 110
V. The current
drawn is 100 A,
while the current
doing actual work
7.61 kW
is 76 A. What is
the
active power?
8.86 kW
9.68 kW
14
7
PG Page Number: 4-1 8.36 kW
Power is supplied
to a circuit at 110
V. The current
drawn is 100 A,
while the current
doing actual work
7.61 kW
is 76 A. What is
the
active power?
8.86 kW
9.68 kW
14
8
 Standard induction motors run at a

PG Page Number: 4-1

_________ power factor.

leading synchronous

lagging capacitive

14
9
 Standard induction motors run at a

PG Page Number: 4-1

_________ power factor.

leading synchronous

lagging capacitive

15
0
 Inductive reactance can be cancelled out

PG Page Number: 4-1

by using:

Capacitors

Induction motors

three phase power

line impedance starters

15
1
 Inductive reactance can be cancelled out

PG Page Number: 4-1

by using:

Capacitors*

Induction motors

three phase power

line impedance starters

15
2
 Capacitor Correction

• Capacitive reactance cancels inductive reactance. Power

factor correction may be accomplished by placing capacitors
in parallel with inductive circuits.
• In some systems, the power factor correction capacitors are
connected to the main supply. In this situation, the system
power factor may change to a leading power factor, and the
distribution voltage may rise, as induction motors are turned
Off.

PG Page Number: 4-1 153

Capacitors are placed in_____
with inductive circuits.

parallel

series

compound

VFD’s
PG Page Number: 4-1 154
Capacitors are placed in_____
with inductive circuits.

Parallel*
series

compound

VFD’s
PG Page Number: 4-1 155
 156

Magnetic
flux self- electromagnet
produced inductance ic induction

by one coil
induces an
EMF in a
second mutual
inductance
capacitive
reactance
coil…
 157

Magnetic
flux self- electromagnet
produced inductance ic induction

by one coil
induces an
EMF in a mutual
second inductanc
capacitive
reactance
coil… e
Total
voltage
induced in back
a coil is a magnet
emf
______
which
opposes capacitiv
the applied e
emf reactanc
voltage e
applied to
the coil.
158
Total
voltage
induced in back
a coil is a magnet
emf
______
which
opposes capacitiv
the applied e
emf reactanc
voltage e
applied to
the coil.
159
 160

In a DC
circuit, increasing
induction
only decreasing
opposes increasing or
current decreasing
when
current is: steady
 161

increasing

In a DC
circuit,
induction decreasing

only
opposes
current increasing or
when decreasing
current is:
steady
If the frequency in a 120 volt primary wound coil is 60 Hz, what will the frequency be in
the secondary coil:

• 120 Hz
• 60 Hz
• 20 Hz
• 2 Hz

162
Energy
losses hysteresis losses
required eddy currents
to fully losses
cancel
residual conductor
magnetis reluctance
m are flux leakage
known as:

163
Energy hysteresis
losses losses
required eddy currents
to fully losses
cancel
residual conductor
magnetis reluctance
m are
known as: flux leakage

164
The number of windings of the secondary coil is _________ the voltage induced in the
secondary coil:

• directly proportional to
• inversely proportional to
• same as
• not related to

165
 166

A
transformer
has a
220 volts
primary
voltage of
120 volts 200 volts
with 200
turns .
Secondary 1200 volts
winding has
20 turns,
secondary
voltage=
12 volts
 Transformers
• Since the voltage is proportional to the turns.
Ep = Np
Es Ns

Es = Ep X Ns
Np

You can determine the voltage from the turns.

Perform Self-Test 1

167
 168

A
transformer 220 volts
has a
primary
voltage of
120 volts 200 volts
with 200
turns .
Secondary 1200 volts
winding has
20 turns,
secondary
voltage=
12 volts
5-10*
Copper
losses in a 01 02 03 04

transforme using fan

cooling
using oil
cooling
using larger
diameter
reducing the
primary

r are
wire voltage

reduced
by:

169
Copper USING FAN USING OIL
losses in a COOLING COOLING
transforme
r are
reduced
by:

USING LARGER REDUCING THE

DIAMETER PRIMARY
WIRE VOLTAGE

170
 low voltage
high voltage
Single- windings
wound over
windings
wrapped
phase the high
voltage
around the
transform windings
iron core

er, windings
are high voltage
windings
low voltage
windings
installed… wrapped
over the low
wound
page 5-8 voltage
around the
shell
windings

171
 low voltage
high voltage
Single- windings
wound over
windings
wrapped
phase the high
voltage
around the
transform windings
iron core

er, windings high

are voltage low voltage
windings windings
installed… wrapped wound
page 5-8 over the low around the
shell
voltage
windings

172
 Why use banks of single-phase Transformers in
three phase systems?

1 2 3 4
minimize raise efficiency less overall System can run
power losses ratio cost at lower
capacity if a
single
transformer
fails

173
 Why use banks of single-phase
Transformers in three phase systems?

01 02 03
minimize
power
raise
efficiency
less
overall
04
losses ratio cost System can run
at lower
capacity if a
single
transformer
fails

174
This transformer type wraps higher
voltage coils over lower voltage coils?

Pancake

Sandwich

Delta
Concentri
c
175
This transformer type wraps higher
voltage coils over lower voltage coils?

Pancake

Sandwich

Delta
Concentric
.
176
 177

Another pancake eccentric

name for windings design
sandwich
winding
design is: concentri layered
c design design
 178

pancak
Another e eccentric
name for winding design
sandwich s
winding
design is: concentri layered
c design design
Transforme current
transformer
rs that
convert
large K transformer
primary
currents potential
into small transformer
secondary
currents step up
transformer
are called:

179
Transforme current
rs that transformer
convert
large
K transformer
primary
currents
into small potential
transformer
secondary
currents step up
are called: transformer

180
8-39*
Which K transformers
transform
er shares auto-transformers
primary
windings potential
with transformers
secondary ballasts
windings?

181
8-39*
Which K transformers
transform
er shares
auto-
primary transformers
windings potential
with transformers
secondary ballasts
windings?

182
 Which current K
transformer
must never have transform transform
the secondary er er
circuit open
while the
primary circuit is
energized?
potential voltage
transform transform
er er

1
8
 Which current K
transformer
must never have transform transform
the secondary er er
circuit open
while the
primary circuit is
energized?
potential voltage
transform transform
er er

1
8
K Transformers:

1 2 3 4
increase the withstand remove improve
rating of the the heating harmonics apparent
transformer effects of power
harmonics

185
 01 03 04
increase remove improve
the harmoni apparent
rating of cs power
the
K transfor
mer 02
Transformer withstand
s: the
heating
effects of
harmonics

1
8
Fan cooled
no effect
transforme impedes heat
rs and too
much transfer
dirt…? shorts out
windings
contaminates oil

1
8
 Fan no effect
cooled*
transforme impedes heat
rs and too transfer
much
dirt…? shorts out windings

contaminates oil

1
8
 Why is a transformer core
submerged in an oil filled tank?
(Select all that apply)*

higher temperatures mean better

efficiency

reduces eddy currents

transformer rating can be

increased

better electrical insulator

1
8
 Why is a transformer core
submerged in an oil filled tank?
(Select all that apply)

higher temperatures mean better

efficiency

reduces eddy currents

transformer rating can be

increased

better electrical insulator

1
9
 What type of work may be
performed on transformers
without de-energizing?

OIL THERMAL INSULATION NONE OF THE

REPLACEMENT IMAGING INSPECTION ABOVE
INSPECTIONS

1
9
 What type of work may be
performed on transformers
without de-energizing?

OIL THERMAL INSULATION NONE OF

REPLACEMEN IMAGING, INSPECTION THE ABOVE
T INSPECTIO
NS

1
9
 A transformer’s oil should be
sampled and checked for
moisture, acidity and:

viscosity

permeability

dielectric strength

domains
1
9
 A transformer’s oil should be
sampled and checked for
moisture, acidity and:

viscosity

permeability

dielectric strength
domains

1
9
Low (30-
750)*
voltage 10% 4%
systems
have a 1.5% 7.5%
normal
voltage drop
about…
195
Low (30-
750) voltage
systems
10% 4%
have a
normal 1.5% 7.5%

voltage drop
about…

196
 Authorizatio
n to access
high voltage
electrical • journeymen certificate
equipment • engineering degree
is granted to • demonstrated competency
those with • company approval
specialized
training,
certification
and:

19
7
 Authorizatio
n to access
high voltage
electrical • journeymen status
equipment • engineering training
is granted to • demonstrated competency
those with • approval
specialized
training,
certification
and:

19
8
 high voltage path back to
the circuit
high resistance path to
groundi
ng
the earth
conduct low resistance path of
or is… current to the earth
prevents electric systems
from shorting out

199
 high voltage path back to
the circuit
high resistance path to
groundi
ng
the earth
conduct low resistance path of
or is… current to the earth
prevents electric systems
from shorting out

200
 4 live conductors

A three
3 live conductors
phase four
wire system 2 live conductors
typically
has… 1 live conductors

201
 4 live conductors

A three
3 live conductors
phase four
wire system 2 live conductors
typically
has… 1 live conductors

202
Must be installed beside access to
high voltage sub stations…
A Danger High
Voltage sign

A Keep Out sign

A High Voltage
sign

A Warning sign

203
Must be installed beside access to
high voltage sub stations…

A Danger High Voltage sign

A Keep Out sign

A High Voltage
sign

A Warning sign

204
 A circle
ceiling outlet
with a
single
black dot wall outlet
in the
center on
an single pole switch
electrical
diagram
represent floor outlet
s
205
 A circle
ceiling outlet
with a
single
black dot wall outlet
in the
center on
an single pole switch
electrical
diagram
represent floor outlet
s
206
On an electrical diagram, a
triangle represents…
ground

normally open switch

3-phase Delta

controller
207
On an electrical diagram, a
triangle represents…
ground

normally open switch

3-phase Delta

controller
208
Shows the functions, sequence, and
electrical relationship in a specific
circuit

wiring diagram

Schematic/elementary diagram

riser diagram

connection diagram
209
Shows the functions, sequence, and
electrical relationship in a specific
circuit

wiring diagram

Schematic/elementary diagram

riser diagram

connection diagram
210
 Physical
characteristic
s of • electrical diagram
positions,
exact • schematic information

circuity, or • terminal information

complex
control • A single line diagram with
circuits can supplemental information
be found
on…

211
 Physical
characteristic
s of • electrical diagram
positions,
• schematic information
exact
circuity, or • terminal information
complex
control • A single line diagram with
circuits can supplemental information
be found
on…

212
A distribution system is made up
of service, feeders, and:

• secondary circuits

• primary circuits

• branch circuits

• trunk circuits

213
A distribution system is made up
of service, feeders, and:

• secondary circuits

• primary circuits

• branch circuits

• trunk circuits

214
The primary function of an
MCC is:
lighting panels

ground fault protection

breakers

distribution transformers

controlling motors
215
The primary function of an
MCC is:
lighting panels

ground fault protection

breakers

distribution transformers

controlling motors
216
 resets the motor overload
circuit
The reset
button on resets the time delay
an sequence
enclosure
or bucket resets variable frequency
on an MCC drives to default
panel…
trips the breaker without
having to open the enclosure

217
 resets the motor overload
circuit
The reset
button on resets the time delay
an sequence
enclosure
or bucket resets variable frequency
on an MCC drives to default
panel…
trips the breaker without
having to open the enclosure

218
Positions for a breaker handle
on a motor control panel…

hand/auto/lock on/off/lock

manual/auto/off hand/off/auto

219
Positions for a breaker handle
on a motor control panel…

hand/auto/lock on/off/lock

manual/auto/off hand/off/auto

220
 suppression and
interrupted

Current continuous, and

interrupted
ratings
for branch/line

fuses…
continuous, and
suppression

221
 suppression and
interrupted

Current continuous, and

interrupted
ratings
for branch/line

fuses…
continuous, and
suppression

222
 The
10,000 amps
highest
possible 20,000 amps
interrupte
d rating
for an 30,000 amps
unmarked
fuse…
300,000 amps
223
 The
10,000 amps
highest
possible 20,000 amps
interrupte
d rating
for an 30,000 amps
unmarked
fuse…
300,000 amps
224
 Converts converts DC
Utility AC power to AC
Purpose of power to DC power for
the power computers

rectifier on
a UPS
Stores AC Stores DC
system… power power

225
 Converts converts DC
Utility AC power to AC
Purpose of power to power for
the DC power computers

rectifier on
a UPS
Stores AC Stores DC
system… power power

226
 Supply
source
switch step straight
opened transfer transfer
first then
close closed open
standby transfer transfer
source is
called…

227
 Supply
source
switch step straight
opened transfer transfer
first then
close closed open
standby transfer transfer
source is
called…

228