Chapter 1 :

Computer Science

Computer
System &
Class XI ( As per Organizati
CBSE Board)
on

ANSHUTOSH KR ( PGT IT)

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA , RANCHI.
 Introduction
A computer is an electronic device, under the control of instructions
stored in its memory that can accept data (input), process the data
according to specified rules(Program), produce information (output),
and store the information for future use.
Computer

Hardware Software

Data vs Information
Data are raw facts or other findings which, by themselves, are
of limited value.
Information is processed data that has been converted into a meaningful
and useful context.

Computers are being used extensively nowadays in everyday life/every field In the form
of laptop, desktop, smartphone, gadgets etc.
Basic Computer Organization
Functional components of a computer

I P O

Data Information
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer performs five functions in gross term.

1. Take data as input

2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps
 Basic Computer Organization
Input
Units
A device that fetches the input and convers it into binary form
which is directly understood by the computer.

Ex- Mouse, Bar Code Reader, Web Camera… etc.

OMR
Biometric Sensor
Touch Screen
QR Code Reader

Smart Card Reader

Microphone Keyboard,
Light Pen
 Basic Computer Organization
Input Devices
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or another device.
Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the computer. The data send
depends on the key pressed by the user.
Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a cursor in a graphical
user interface. It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our computer according
to the user input.
Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then changes it into
digital signal and sends to the computer.
OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document and send
them to computer.
OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device which reads
printed text and sends that to computer.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds
application is banks to process cheques.
Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and sends the same to a
computer.
Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.
Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
Trackballs: an upside down mouse ,encased within a socket. Is a cursor control device.
Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various items and feed the same to
computer.
Gamepad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for video games.
Joystick: these input devices are used to control video games.
 Basic Computer Organization
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
(Control center/ brain of computer)
• Control unit (CU) : It controls the flow of data from i/p devices to memory and
from memory to o/p devices. It controls all the functions like i/p, o/p,
storage and process. It instructs ALU which operation is to be carried out.
• Arithmetic/Logic Unit :
It performs basic arithmetic (+,-,*,/) and logical (>,<,>=,<=,<>,AND, OR, and
NOT) operations, sent from memory and the result is returned to the memory.
Most modern ALUs have a small amount of special storage units called registers
that can be accessed faster than main memory.
• Register :
-- High- speed temporary storage that stores instructions & data given by

CPU to perform immediate operations.

--- It can be of sizes i.e. 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on, each has a
specific function like storing data, instructions, address in memory etc.
 Basic Computer Organization
Memory Unit (MU)
(Storage unit for program as well as data)
• Memory :
A collection of cells, each with an unique physical
address.
A memory Cell (further broken down
into smaller components- bits) is a device that stores a single
symbol (0 or 1) selected from a set of symbols.

Cell 0
------------1 Byte-------------------

Lets watch a VIDEO

Basic Computer Organization

Memory Units

Brontobyte 1024 YB BB
Geopbyte 1024 BB GpB
 32 bit & 64 bit processor

In computing, 32-bit and 64-bit are two different types of processors.

The bit number (usually 8, 16, 32, or 64) refers to how much
memory a processor can access from the CPU register.
 32 bit & 64 bit processor

While a 32-bit processor can access

232 memory addresses, a 64-bit processor can access
264 memory addresses. This is not twice as much as a 32-bit
processor, but rather 232 (4,294,967,296) times more. This
means a 64-bit machine could theoretically access
18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (16 Exabytes) memory
addresses or more than 18 billion GB of RAM. However, as of
2013, there are few computers that can physically support
more than 64 GB of RAM.
Lets watch a VIDEO
 Basic Computer Organization
Memory Unit (MU)
(Storage unit for program as well as data)

Primary (Internal) Secondary (External)

(Stores small amount of data that can be (Storage device that can retain or
accessed quickly while computer is running) store data persistently)
 Primary / Main Memory
- Read Only Memory (ROM) : Non-volatile, can retain data without power
Mainly used to start or boot up computer.

-- Random Access Memory (RAM) : Volatile, can’t retain data after power off.
Mainly used by computer once OS is loaded. Temporarily
stores data while CPU is executing other tasks.
 Primary / Main Memory
- Cache Memory : A high speed small memory (faster than RAM), also
called CPU Memory, available inside CPU in order to speed up
access time to data and instructions stored in RAM.

* The amount of time taken to retrieve data required from memory, from
the start of access until the data becomes available, is called Memory
Access Time.

It is placed between CPU and Main memory

 Secondary (External) Memory
Hard disk : A hard disk is a non-volatile, high capacity storage device. It is a

set of stacked disks. Each disk has data recorded electromagnetically in

concentric circles, sectors or tracks on the disk.

Hard Drive Types

1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
2. Serial ATA (SATA)
3. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Lets watch a VIDEO
4. Solid State Drives (SSD)

Up to 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market

 Output unit

A device that produces o/p generated by CPU in human readable form

and through which results stored in the computer memory are made
available outside the computer system.

Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for receiving data

from a computer and displaying that information as text or images for users
to see.

Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then plays that
sound signal and thus we hear songs or music or any other audio.

Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects the same
information onto a screen or a wall. Projector cannot directly accept
data from a user and send that data to another device.
Printer
LCD Screen
Plotters
 Both Input / Output Devices
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or another devices
and also sending data to another devices or computers. That means a devices
which can be used as both input device and output device are called Input / Output
(I/O) devices. Some examples of input/output devices are as:

USB drive: Also known as pen drive or flash stick works as both input device to
computer and as an output device. USB drives receive or save data from a
computer as an input and it can also send data to a computer or another device.
Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an input device and
a small printer to provide output.
Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one computer to another
computer or other devices using telephone lines
CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a computer as input to
copy onto and save into writable CD or DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to transfer
data to a computer.
Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By touching the
screen input is provided and being a screen, it is used as an output device.
Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and microphone
functions as an input device.
Mobile System
a Mobile Phone is essentially a two-way radio, consisting of
a radio transmitter and a radio receiver.
Mobile System
Mobile Phone Components

1. A circuit board as brains of the phone

2. An antenna
3. A liquid crystal display (LCD)
4. A keyboard / A touch screen
5. A microphone
6. A speaker
7. A battery
 Mobile System organization
Display subsystem Camera Unit
Touch interface (Image
RF Transceiver
signal
Processor)
keyboard Display screen

SIM
Radio signal
Communicati APU
on (Application
Management processor processing unit) Storage
(digital
signal GPU (Graphic
POWER MANAGEMENT Processing Unit)
External
processor)

Battery Battery Storage

pack Mgmt

CODEC RAM ROM

Charger
* These components
are fabricated on a
ADC DAC Memory single chip called
MIC Speaker System-on-a-chip
(SoC).
Mobile System
Different types of touchscreen
1.TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display is used for better image quality and high
resolution. Since they are cheap to manufacture, they are found in budget phones
usually.

2.IPS (In-Place Switching) LCDs are somewhat the advanced version of TFT LCDs in a
way that they offer improved displays and are more battery friendly. Hence, they are
found in high end phones.

3. RESISTIVE AND CAPACITIVE

There are generally two types of touchscreen LCD displays; Resistive and Capacitive.
Resistive touchscreen has two layers of conductive material with a small gap
between them while capacitive touchscreen consists of a layer of glass coated with
transparent conductor. Capacitive screens tend to be more responsive than resistive
screens and are therefore found in high end phones mostly.

4.OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a newer technology used in mobiles and
monitors for display. They are better than LCDs because they offer fast response
times, wider viewing angles and higher brightness. AMOLED (Active-Matrix Organic
Light-Emitting Diode) and SUPER AMOLED displays are types of OLED display.
OLED types include passive-matrix OLEDs, active-matrix LEDs and transparent
OLEDs
Mobile System
Smartphone Batteries and Their Types
Battery plays a huge role in any smartphone
Lithium Polymer batteries are the most advanced batteries available in the market right
now. They are made up of plastic instead of metal, which makes them usable on a
smartphone of any type.The Lithium Polymer batteries do not suffer from memory effect and
offer 40 percent more battery life than others

Lithium ion batteries are advanced and allow for a high charge capacity based on the size
and weight of the battery. However, these these are slightly expensive. these lithium ion
batteries will not remember the charge cycle, and as a result, the battery capacity will not be
reduced.

Nickel Cadmium These are the cells that suffer from memory effect. And, the memory
effect will result in reducing the capacity of the battery and its lifespan as well.

Nickel Metal Hydride batteries are kind of an upgrade to the Nickel Cadmium batteries,
and they boast of the same size as the latter. Nickel Metal Hydride batteries offer 30 to 40
percent more battery juice than the others

Battery Size : Measured in mAh.like 2000 mAh,4000 mAh etc.

 Software
It is that part of computer which can’t be
touched. It is a set of programs which is designed to
perform a well-defined function.
A Program is a sequence of instructions written to
solve a particular problem and to make the hardware
run.
Types/ Class of software:

Compiler Interpreter assembler

 Software
1. System software: It controls internal computer operations and basic

functions of a computer. It directs computer what to do, when to do &

how to do.
E.g. Operating System, Compiler, Interpret etc.

• Functions :
-- Reading data & receiving Information.
-- Translating data & instructions
-- Controlling all peripheral devices.
-- Processing & generating output.
OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is a system program
that controls and manages the computer resources
(resource manager) so that application software
can run on it.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Solaris, Linux, MAC-
OS, Ubuntu, Apple’s i-Phone OS etc.
HOW OPERATING SYSTEM WORKS

In any computer or mobile device, the

operating system can be termed as the back bone
when it comes to software. This is because it has to be
there before other programs can be run. It works as a
middleman (interface) between user, h/w & s/w.

At the simplest level, an operating system does two

things:
•It manages the hardware resources of the computer
system. These resources include such things as the
processor, memory, disk space, etc.

•It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to

deal with the hardware without having to know all the
details of the hardware.
 TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
* Single-User, Single Task Operating System:
These operating systems work on single task & single user at a time.E.g. DOS
* Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System:
These operating systems works on more than one task and process them
concurrently at a time.E.g. windows 95 or later version of windows
* Multiuser Operating System:
In these OS, multiple users are allowed to access the same data or information
at a time via a network. E.g. Unix,Linux,Windows7.
* Multiprocessing Operating System:
Here, a single process runs on two or more processors. All the processing and
their management takes place in a parallel way, hence this OS are also called
as Parallel Processing. E.g. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7.
* Embedded Operating System:
These are embedded in a device, which is located in ROM.E.g. OS of
microwaves,washing machine.
* Distributed Operating System:
In these OS, the computers work in co-operation with each other.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Processor management
Loads, schedules and execute process/programs.
• Memory management
Allocates /De-allocation of memory for program execution.
• Device management
Communicate and controls various I/O devices.
• Storage management
Manages and controls the storage device to provide space to program

for execution & data save.

• Application interface
API/drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware
subsystems
• User interface
structure for interaction between a user and the computer
 System Software
Language Processor/ Translators
Computer understand only machine code (0/1). So,
It converts Source Code into executable Object Code.

Source Code/Program: programs written in High-level programming language

(C++, PY, JAVA, Assembly lang. etc)

Object Code/ Program: program translated into machine code i.e. 0, 1.

These are of 3 types Language processors:

* Assembler * Compiler * Interpreter

Assembler :
It translates an assembly language program into machine language.
Compilers:
It converts the complete source code as a whole in one go into
machine code in one session if it is error free. Otherwise it specifies the errors
at the end of compilation with line no. It takes time. E.g.: C/ C++ compiler
 System Software
Language Processor/ Translators
Interpreters :
It translates source code into object code line by line, means,
it converts single statement of source program into machine code and
executes immediately before moving on to next line.
If there is an error, it terminates at that line and displays error.
 System Software
Language Processor/ Translators
 PROGRAM LINKER & LOADER
LINKER : A s/w program that links or combine the object code after the compilation
process with the necessary associated files, libraries and built-in object code to make it

executable file that actually produces o/p.

LOADER : A system s/w program, that is responsible for loading programs & libraries
from secondary storage devices into main memory and prepare them for
execution.

Assembler/
Compiler/
Interpreter

Translators

• Library is a collection of precompiled

routines or modules that are stored in object format
 Software
Utility software:
Which assists the computer and helps to manage, maintain and
perform housekeeping functions like scanning, data backup, removing viruses etc.
E.g.

 Antivirus - An anti-virus scans the system for any virus and if detected, gets rid
of it by deleting or isolating it.
 Compression tools - Compression tools are utilities that assist operating
systems in shortening files so that they take less space.
 Disk Cleanup - Disk cleanup tools assist users in freeing up disk space.
 Disk Defragmenter - Disk defragmenter is a disk management utility that
increases file access speeds by rearranging fragmented files on contiguous
locations.
 Backup - Backup utility enables backing up of files, folders, databases or
complete disks.
 File management tools - Utility software providing regular file management
tasks like browse, search, update, preview, etc. are called file management tools.
 Software

2. Application software:
It is used to perform specific applications or common tasks by the user.

E.g. banking, hotel management, any data processing, word processing etc.

* General Purpose AS:

These are ready to use software for daily use purpose
E.g. word processor, spread sheet, presention, DBMS etc.

* Specific Purpose AS:

Softwares which are designed for specific task
E.g. Payroll, Hotel Mgmt, Hospital Mgmt, Stock Mgmt etc.
 Cloud refers to an INTERNET or Network or present at remote location.
Cloud Computing refers to remote access of H/S
resources for access, configuration, manipulation.
It offers online data storage, infrastructure and applications.
It can work on public & private networks i.e. WAN, LAN or VPN.

Uses of cloud computing

• Create new apps and services
• Store, back up and recover data
• Host websites and blogs
• Stream audio and video
• Deliver software on demand
• Analyze data for patterns and make predictions

Cloud computing offers platform independency,because software is not required

to be installed locally on the PC.Thus applications are being mobile and
collaborative.
WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING
 WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

• PUBLIC CLOUD –
For general / common public. It is also called storage-as-a-
service, on-line storage or utility storage, is a service model for data storage
on a pay-per-use basis.
It’s Usage is generally charged on a dollar-per-gigabyte- per-month basis.
E.g. Google drive, Amazon Cloud Drive, iCloud, Microsoft
OneDrive/ OneNote, etc.

• PRIVATE CLOUD –
For an organization or any individual only.

• COMMUNITY CLOUD -
For group of organizations.

• HYBRID CLOUD –
Mixture of public and private cloud
BASIC CONCEPS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Parallel
ComputingParallel computing performs large computations by dividing
the workload between more than one processor, all of which work through the
computation at the same time. Most supercomputers employ parallel computing
principles to operate. Parallel computing is also known as parallel processing.

Advantages:
1. Real world is massively parallel.
2. Saves time and/or money.
3. Solves larger /more complex problems; provides concurrency
4. Takes advantage of no-local resources.
5. Makes better use of underlying parallel hardware.
 THANK YOU..

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