Electrical
Properties of
Materials
Lecture 3
Chap-8
In this lecture we are going to
discuss ….
Superconductivity related with
magnetic properties
Types of superconductors
Magnetic levitation
Chapter 8
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)
Superconductivity
Superconductivity
In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes at the University of Leiden in
Holland observed that when a sample of mercury is
cooled to below 4.2K, its resistivity totally vanishes, and
the material behaves as a superconductor, exhibiting no
resistance to current flow.
Other experiments since then have shown that there are
many such substances, not simply metals, that exhibit
superconductivity when cooled below a critical
temperature TC.
Examples of some of the superconductive materials:
• Niobium-germanium (Nb Ge) 23K
3
Copper oxide-based ceramic type compound (La-Ba-Cu-O) 35K
• Yttrium barium copper oxide (Y-Ba-Cu-O) 77K,
which is above the boiling temperature of nitrogen.
• Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O 130K,
the highest critical temperature for a superconductor at present.
Characteristics of Superconductors
A superconductor below critical
temperature expels all the magnetic
fields from the bulk of the sample (if it
were a perfectly diamagnetic
substance). This phenomenon is
called Meissner effect.
Superconductors develop M (Magnetization vector) by developing surface currents I such that M and the
applied field cancel everywhere inside the sample. Therefore, µ0M definitely is in the opposite direction to
the applied field and equal to it in magnitude. Thus, below TC, a superconductor is a perfectly diamagnetic
substance (χm = - 1).
Characteristics of Superconductors
Two types of behaviors are observed: If the magnetic field is switched off,
i. The field around the superconductor simply disappears.
ii. The field around a perfect conductor remains in the same direction to the applied field.
The following figure shows the levitation of
a magnet above the surface of a
superconductor is the direct result of the
Meissner effect: the exclusion of the
magnet’s magnetic fields from the interior
of the superconductor.
Lenz's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Type I and Type II Superconductors
The superconductivity below the critical temperature has been observed to disappear in
the presence of an applied magnetic field exceeding a critical value denoted by BC.
This critical field depends on the temperature and is a characteristic of the material as
shown in figure 8.46.
Superconductors are classified into two types, called Type I and Type II, based on their
diamagnetic properties.
Opposing magnetization
Applied magnetic field
Type I superconductors
In Type I superconductors, as the applied magnetic field B increases, so does the
opposing magnetization M until the field reaches the critical field B C, whereupon the
superconductivity disappears.
At that point, the perfect diamagnetic behavior, the Meissner effect, is lost as
illustrated in the following figure.
Therefore, above BC it is in the normal state.
Type II superconductors
In the case of Type II superconductors, the transition does not occur sharply from the Meissner state
to the normal state but goes through an intermediate phase in which the applied field is able to pierce
through certain local regions of the sample.
As the magnetic field increases, initially the sample behaves as a perfect diamagnet exhibiting the
Meissner effect and rejecting all the magnetic flux.
When applied field increases beyond a critical field denoted as BC1, the lower critical field, the
magnetic flux lines are no longer totally expelled from the sample.
The overall magnetization M in the sample
opposes the field, but its magnitude does not
cancel the field everywhere.
As the field increases, M gets smaller and more
flux lines pierce through the sample until at BC2, the
upper critical field, all field lines penetrate the
sample and superconductivity disappears.
This behavior is shown in Figure 8.48. Type II
superconductors therefore have two critical fields
BC1 and BC2.
Vortex State (@ Mixed State)
When the applied field is between BC1 and BC2, the field lines pierce through the sample through tubular
local regions, as pictured in Figure 8.49.
The sample develops local small cylindrical (filamentary) regions of normal state in a matrix of
superconducting state and the magnetic flux lines go through these filaments of local normal state, as
shown in Figure 8.49.
The state between BC1 and BC2 is called the mixed state (or vortex state).
Why levitation?
Why doesn’t it fall to the
sides?
• The levitation stems from the same reason as ordinary diamagnetic levitation: a
combination of gravitational force and a magnetic force due to the inhomogeneous field.
• The only difference is the different strength because of the much higher (negative)
susceptibility.
Questions
?
In this lecture we will going to
discuss ….
Magnetic field intensity
Different magnetic materials
Chapter 8
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Kasap (©
McGraw-Hill, 2005)
Magnetic Field or Magnetic Field Intensity H
The magnetized specimen in figure placed inside the
solenoid develops magnetization currents, Im on the
surface. It therefore behaves like a solenoid.
The magnetic field B inside the solenoid is now given
by the usual solenoid expression but with a current that
includes both I’ and Im,.
The magnetization arises from the application of B0 due to the current of free carriers in the
solenoid wires, called the conduction current, which we can externally adjust. ( B – μ0M )
represents a magnetizing field because it is the field of the external currents that magnetize the
material. The magnetizing field H is defined as,
Hence H = nl = Total conduction current per length
Ampere’s circuital law
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third
Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005) Fig 8.9
Ampere’s Law and the Inductance of a Toroidal Coil
Ampere’s law
∮ 𝐻 𝑡 𝑑𝑙=𝐼
𝑐
Magnetic field inside toroidal coil
𝜇 𝑜 𝜇 𝑟 𝑁𝐼
𝐵=𝜇𝑜 𝜇 𝑟 𝐻=
ℓ
Inductance of toroidal coil
2
Total flux threaded 𝑁 Φ 𝜇 𝑜 𝜇 𝑟 𝑁 𝐴
𝐿= = =
Current 𝐼 ℓ
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third
Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)
Magnetic Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility
Magnetic Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility
Magnetic Material Classifications
In general, magnetic materials are classified into five distinct
groups:
1. Diamagnetic
2. Paramagnetic
3. Ferromagnetic
4. Antiferromagnetic
5. Ferrimagnetic
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic Materials
Antiferromagnetic Materials
Ferrimagnetic Materials
Questions
?
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third
Fig 8.15
Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)
