Presentatio

Thiruvallu
n topic
ar
 Our
MISTIE YADAV
Team
23/1798
SHIVANI KUMARI PANDEY
23/1849
PRATEEK YADAV 23/1516
KESHAV YADAV
23/1859
PRERNA JHA 23/1746
Introducti
on
Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was an Indian poet
and philosopher. He is best known as the author of the
Thirukkuṟaḷ, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and
economic matters, and love. The text is considered an
exceptional and widely cherished work of Tamil literature.
Almost no authentic information is available about Valluvar,
states Kamil Zvelebil – a scholar of Tamil literature. His life and
likely background are variously inferred from his literary works
by different biographers.
 There are unauthentic hagiographic and
legendary accounts of Valluvar's life, and all
major Indian religions, as well as Christian
missionaries of the 19th century, have tried to
claim him as secretly inspired (crypto-) or
originally belonging to their tradition. Little is
known with certainty about his family
 He is believed to have lived at least
in the town of Mylapore (a
neighbourhood of the present-day
Chennai), and his floruit is dated
variously from fourth century BCE
to early fifth century CE, based on
the traditional accounts and the
linguistic analyses of his writings.
Kamil Zvelebil infers the Tirukkuṟaḷ
and Valluvar are
Valluvar has influencedbest dated to
ra around 500
nge of scholars down t C a w id e
since his time across t h e a g es
he ethical,
social, political, econo
mical,
religious, philosophica
spiritual spheres. He h l , a n d
b e e n v e n e ra t e d a s a g a s l on g
reat sage,
Question on time and
period of writing
The exact date of Valluvar is unclear. His
work Thirukkural has been dated variously
from 300 BCE to about the 6th century CE
according to traditional accounts it was the
last work of the third Sangam and was
subjected to a divine test (which it passed).
The Scholars who believe this tradition
such as Soma sundara Bharathiar and M.
Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as
 These early dates such as 300 BCE to 1 BCE are
unacceptable and not supported by evidence within
the text, states Zvelebil. The diction and grammar of
the Thirukkural, his indebtedness to some earlier
Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the "early
Tamil bardic poets", but before Tamil bhakti poets era.
In 1959, S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the
work to around or after the sixth-
century CE. His proposal is based on the
evidence that the Thirukkural contains a
large proportion of Sanskrit loan words,
shows awareness and indebtedness to
some Sanskrit texts best dated to the
first half of the first-millennium CE, and
the grammatical innovations in the
language of Tirukkuṟaḷ. Pillai published a
 Later scholars Thomas Burrow and
Murray Barnson Emeneau show that
35 of these are of Dravidian origin,
and not Sanskrit loan words. Zvelebil
states that an additional few have
uncertain etymology and future
studies may prove those to be
Dravidian. The 102 remaining loan
words from Sanskrit are "not
negligible", and some of the
teachings in the Tirukkuṟaḷ states
Zvelebil are "undoubtedly" based on
the then extant Sanskrit works such
as the Arthashastra and Manusmriti
 According to Kamil Zvelebil, the Tirukkuṟaḷ
does not belong to the (Sangam) period. In
the 1970s, Zvelebil dated the text to
somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. His
estimate is based on the dates of Tamil texts
with similar Tamil language features, and by
placing it after some of the Tamil and Sanskrit
treatises that are evidenced in the Tirukkuṟaḷ.
Zvelebil notes that the text features
The text also features a higher number ofseveral
grammatical innovations, that are
Sanskrit loan words compared with theseabsent in
the older Sangam literature.
older texts. According to Zvelebil, besides
being part of the ancient Tamil literary
tradition, the author was also a part of the
"one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition",
as a few of his verses are "undoubtedly"
 In the 19th century and early 20th
century, European writers and
missionaries variously dated the text and
Valluvar to between 400 and 1000 CE.
According to Blackburn, the "current
scholarly consensus" dates the text
In January 1935, the Tamil Nadu and
the author to approximately 500 CE.
government officially recognized 31 BCE as
the year of Valluvar. As suggested by
Maraimalai Adigal, the Valluvar Year was
added to the calendar. Thus, the Valluvar
year is calculated by adding 31 to any year
of the common era.
 Importance of
Thiruvalluvar and
Thirukural
The Tirukkural (Tamil: திருக்குறள்), shortly
known as the Kural, is a classic Tamil
sangam treatise on the art of living.
Consisting of 133 chapters with 1330
couplets or kurals, it deals with the everyday
virtues of an individual. Authored by Valluvar
between the first century BCE and 5th
century CE, it is considered one of the
greatest works ever written on ethics and
 The universality of the work is
expressed by the various other names
by which the text is given by, such as
Tamiḻ maṟai (Tamil veda), Poyyāmoḻi
(words that never fail), Vāyurai vāḻttu
(truthful utterances), Ulaga pothumaṟai
(The universal veda), and Deiva nūl
(divine text). The Kural has been praised
for its veracity over the millennia by
intellects around the globe.[4] This
article lists the quotations on the Kural
text by various notable individuals over
 "The book without a name by an author without a name."
"The masterpiece of Tamil literature, one of the highest and
purest . expressions of human thought. That which above all
is wonderful in the Kural is a fact that its author addresses
himself without regard to castes, peoples or beliefs to the
whole community of mankind; the fact that he formulates
sovereign morality and absolute reason; that he proclaims in
their very essence, in their eternal abstractness, virtue and
truth; that he presents, as it were in one group, the highest
laws of domestic and social life; that he is equally perfect in
thought, in language and in poetry in the austere metaphysial
contemplation of the great mysteries of the Divine Nature as
1."A textbook of indispensable authority on moral
life."
2."The maxims of Valluvar have touched my soul.
There is none who has given such a treasure of
wisdom like him."
3."We may not all be aware even of the name of
Sage Thiruvalluvar. North Indian people certainly
do not know his name. Few saints have given to
the people as much knowledge as he has done in
the minimum of words."
4."There are a great number of problems,
economic, political and social, standing in the way
of a ruler. Solutions and guidance for such
problems can be found in Kuralism, the maxims of
Translation OF
ThiruKkural The first translation of the Kural text
appeared in Malayalam in 1595 CE under
the title Thirukkural Bhasha by an
unknown author. It was a prose rendering
of the entire Kural, written closely to the
spoken Malayalam of that time. However,
again, this unpublished manuscript
remained obscure until it was first
reported by the Annual Report of the
Cochin Archeological Department for the
 The Kural text has enjoyed a universal appeal
right from antiquity owing to its secular and non-
denominational nature that it suited the
sensibilities of all. The universality is such that,
despite its having been written in the pre-
Christian era, almost every religious group in
India and across the world, including
Christianity, has claimed the work for itself.
Owing to its ethical content, the Kural remained
one of the most admired ancient Indian works
among the Christian missionaries of the 16th
and 17th centuries, who arrived in India during
the colonial era and found the Kural text
The first translation of the Kural text
appeared in Malayalam in 1595 CE
under the title Tirukkural Bhasha by
an unknown author. It was a prose
rendering of the entire Kural, written
closely to the spoken Malayalam of
that time. However, again, this
unpublished manuscript remained
obscure until it was first reported by
the Annual Report of the Cochin
Archeological Department for the
year 1933–34. It took another three
centuries before the next Malayalam
translation was made in 1863 by
 The Kural text has enjoyed a universal appeal
right from antiquity owing to its secular and
non-denominational nature that it suited the
sensibilities of all. The universality is such that,
despite its having been written in the pre-
Christian era, almost every religious group in
India and across the world, including
Christianity, has claimed the work for itself.
Owing to its ethical content, the Kural remained
one of the most admired ancient Indian works
among the Christian missionaries of the 16th
and 17th centuries, who arrived in India during
the colonial era and found the Kural text
 In 1730, Constantius Joseph Beschi
rendered the Kural text into Latin,
introducing the work to the
Europeans for the first time.
However, only the first two books of
the Kural text, namely, virtue and
wealth, were translated by Beschi,
who considered translating the book
on love inappropriate for a Christian
missionary. Around 1767, an
Theunknown
Danish Missionary August
author made the Friedrich
first
Caemmerer translated itwhich
French translation, into German
went in
1803. The firstunnoticed.
available French version,
however, was the one made in 1848 by E. S.
Ariel. Here again, only parts of the work was
translated. In 1856, Karl Graul translated
the Kural into German, claiming that the
Kural is closer to the Christian preaching
and offers a model of Tamil worldview. The
German version was published both at
The first English translation ever was attempted by N. E.
Kindersley in 1794 when he translated select couplets of
the Kural. This was followed by another incomplete
attempt by Francis Whyte Ellis in 1812, who translated
only 120 couplets—69 in verse and 51 in prose. William
Henry Drew translated the first two parts in prose in
1840 and 1852, respectively. Along with Drew's English
prose translation, it contained the original Tamil text, the
Tamil commentary
Drew, by Parimelalhagar
however, and
translated Ramanuja
only 630
Kavirayar's amplification
couplets. of the commentary.
The remaining portions were
translated by John Lazarus, a native
missionary, thus providing the first complete
English translation. In 1886, George Uglow
Pope published the first complete English
translation in verse by a single author,
which brought the Kural text to a wide
 By the turn of the twenty-first
century, the Kural had already
been translated to more than
37 world languages, with at
least 24 complete translations
in English language alone, by
both native and non-native
scholars. By 2014, the Kural
had been translated to more
than 42 languages, with 57
versions available in English.
Along with the Bible and the
Quran, the Kural remains one
of the most translated works in
Personality of
Thruvalluvar
Tiruvalluvar, according to tradition, was a weaver by trade. In
some places, it also mentions that the term 'Valluvar' refers to a
caste of men who were either priests and used to ride
elephants to announce royalty . Valluvar's added , 'Tiru,' is a
Tamil word that denotes something sacred. The words 'Holy
Couplet' and "Thiruvalluvar refer to the same holy man who is a
member of the Valluva community. Thirukural is a collection of
couplets that discuss morality, politics, and the economy.
Thirukural has 133 Athikarams fewer than 1330 Kurals.
Thirukkural is divided into three books: - Book 1: Aram or
Dharma, Book 2: Porul or Artha, and Book 3: Inpam or Kama. In
Essential from the teaching
of Thiruvalluvar * Thiruvalluvar's book Kural is divided
into 133 Chapters with 10 Kurals each.
* 133 chapters divided into 3 Primary
categories namely:
1) Arattu Pal : Book on Duty or Aram
(Dharma)
2) Porut Pal : Book of Wealth (Artha)
Four fold goals of
3) Kamathu Pal : Book on Sexual
Affection (Kama
life Artha
Dharma(Ar kama(Inb Moksha(v
am)
Righteous (Porul)
Material am)
Senual edu from
Release
cycle
 Dharma(Ar Artha
Aram refers to morality * Portu Pal specifically
am)
and vertue in personal (Porul)
focuses on the proper
context conduct for rulers,
*key concept ministers, and common
1.Non villonce citizens, providing
2. truthfullness guidance on governance,
3. self control leadership, and worldly
4. gratute-increasing affairs.
 Polity and state
* Statecraft theory of Thiruvalluvar is
centre on royalty rather than democracy.
* Law of justice must be followed.
* King is the core of state, fundamental
idea of society is family.
* Society of Thiruvalluvar is not divided
into Varnas.
* Kurul's vision of ideal polity focuses on
an Organic and
Role of king, hisSelf - supporting society.
* Desirable attributes -
courage, energy, liberality,
attributes
* Executive style state headed by wisdom, diligence, learning,
the king. boldness, valor, grace and
* Role of King - a) producing virtue, king should be
b) acquiring accessible for his people and
c) conserving
d) dispensing soft spoken.
wealth * Attributes that detract's
king's virtue - bias,
Administration of
king and their * Thiruvalluvar describe ministers as
attributes "Kings eyes".
* Recruiting known personalities and putting them
through a trial period.
* Ministers should be : knowledgeable, focused, of a
timely counsel, pragmatic and their approach, should
not betray the state.
* They should not be "Yes Sir" ,but bold invoicing their
opinion.
* Administrators Attributes : friendlines, breeding,
loyalty, intelligence, sociability, bravery, persuasive
scholarship, and sagacity

* NO SPIES NO SUCCESS.
War, strategy
and diplomacy
The king needs to be both good on offense and defense in order
to wage war. A fort was the most effective type of defense at
the time. According to Tiruvalluvar, a good fort will include clear
streams, wide-open spaces, hills, and dense woods. Walls that
are tall, thick, and impenetrable must be used to build the fort.
In the event of a siege, it should be challenging to seize and
well-supplied with food. It should have a garrison of strong,
combative men. A successful army will outwit its adversaries'
strategies and advance. Desertion, disaffection, and
niggardliness have no place in such a successful force. Despite
 For diplomacy, Ambassadors, in
Valluvar's view, are essential. Kural
outlines the requirements for becoming
an ambassador. "A loving native, high
birth, and manners that captivate
princes," are listed as prerequisites for an
ambassador. An in-depth knowledge of
politics is crucial for the ambassador. He
needs to communicate effectively.
Valluvar claims that he is the ambassador
who bravely seeks the welfare of his
Fort and
fortification
The Thirukkural contains a separate chapter on
forts. Strong, impregnable forts with high
height and thickness are required. The fort is
home to all weapons and equipment required
for battle. It goes without saying that this
stronghold is crucial for defense as well as for
those who assault toes. A fortress needs to
have a fort of walers, a clearing, a hill, and a
neighboring forest. It cannot be conveniently
kept because of the way it is constructed.
Within the fort is everything that would be
required for survival in an emergency. The
Allies
When analyzing the value of allies in the
international arena, Kural believes that
friendship is the hardest one to win because,
in Valluvar's opinion, it is the best weapon
against one's enemies. According to
Thirukkural, friendship is what keeps things
from going wrong, encourages people to
choose the correct path, and shares in
suffering during difficult times. The king
must know who his enemies are, both inside
and outside the state. There is no benefit to
 Econo
Tiruvalluvar, in his classic work Thirukkural, emphasizes the importance of a

mywith a moral foundation:

balanced and ethical economy. He outlines the principles of wealth creation,
management, and distribution
1.Agriculture as the Foundation: Agriculture is seen as the backbone of the
economy, essential for sustenance and prosperity (Kural 1031-1040).

2.Wealth through Hard Work: Wealth should be earned through hard

work, honesty, and fairness, avoiding exploitation or unethical means
(Kural 754).
3.Wealth as a Tool for Virtue: Accumulated wealth should be used for the
welfare of society, to support the needy, and to uphold righteousness
(Kural 213-214).
4.Avoiding Excessive Desires : Excessive greed and indulgence are
discouraged as they lead to societal and personal harm (Kural 361).
Thiruvalluvar highlights that a thriving economy should be sustainable,
CONCLU
SION
In order to write books that
comprehensively deal with all aspects of
life, the author should have been a
scholar with mystic experiences of the
divine. Thirukkural is a book that details
comprehensive regulations for a good life.
Hence it can be inferred that
Thiruvalluvar is a scholar with
experiences of the divine. In order to lead
a complete life, a book which has
regulations on morality, materialism, love
and enlightenment can only be
 Morality, materialism and love are the
three explicit sections in Thirukkural. One
might think that the author has not dealt
about enlightenment. But enlightenment
is something which should be attained
practically through meditation under the
guidance By of
regulated practice,
a spiritual masterwhen
who has
immersing
attained the mind
perfection on the soul, the
of consciousness.
consciousness evolves and then by
immersing the soul with God one
should experience divinity. Thus the
importance of enlightenment has
been described in the section of
Morality. Hence let us try to succeed
in completely adhering to these
principles and thereby live fulfilling
 [1] Thirukkural, Vilakka urai, Prof. J. Sri chandran, R
Vardamanan printers, first edition – 2000, poem no –
34. E
[2] Thirukkural, Vilakka urai, Prof. J. Sri F
chandran, Vardamanan printers, first edition –
2000, poem no –45. E
[3] Thirukkural, Vilakka urai, Prof. J. Sri chandran,
rdamanan printers, first edition – 2000, poem no –33.
R
E
[4] Thirukkural, Vilakka urai, Thanga palamazhai,
Thirukural kalaga arakkattalai, Thirukkovalur, first edition - N
2005, poem no 322.
C
Thank
You!