Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Function
I. The Discovery of the
Cell
• A. 1595 Zacharias Janssen Dutch eye-
glass maker that created the first
compound light microscope.
B. 1665 Robert Hooke
• first scientist to see the cell of a cork.
c.1674 Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
• First to view living
cells in drops of
water from a pond
under a microscope.
D. 1838, Matthias
Schleiden
• . a Botanist (studies
plants),
• Concluded that all
plants are made of
cells.
E. 1839 Theodor
Schwann
• found that all
animals were made
of cells.
F. 1855 Rudolf Virchow
• a German physician, concluded that
new cells could only come from division
of existing cells.
A. The Cell Theory
• 1. All living things are made up of cells.
• 2. Cells are the unit of structure and
function in living things.
• 3. Cells come from pre- existing cells.
II. Exploring
Microscopes
• A. Microscopes: are tools used to see and
observe cells and other things that are too
tiny to see with the eye.
• 2 Important Concepts about using a
Microscope:
– a. Magnification: is the microscopes ability to
make the object appear larger.
– b. Resolution: the microscopes ability to produce
clear images of things that are next to each other.
Microscope
B. Kinds of Microscopes
• 1. Compound Microscope: used in most
public schools.
– Uses light that shines through the
specimen.
– Magnification from 40X to 1000X
– Very precise- can be used to see small
organisms, plants, and most bacteria cells.
– Organelles Visible: mitochondria, cell wall,
cell membrane, nucleus
Compound Microscope
2. Electron Microscope
• Very expensive microscopes that are used in
high technology labs.
• They have excellent resolution.
• Are used to view animal cells, plant cells,
viruses, and bacteria.
• Organelles Visible: ribosomes, proteins,
atoms, and everything that can be seen with
the compound microscope.
Electron Microscope
2. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
• This instrument scans the surface of the
object with beam of electrons.
• Produces 3D image.
• Not used on living specimen
• Specimen has to be chemically treated.
• Used to view cells and tissues.
• Magnification= 100,000X
SEM
b.Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
• Makes a 2 dimensional image of the
object or specimen.
• Emits electrons through a thin sliced
specimen.
• Magnification= 1million X .
• Similar to the light microscope but with
better resolution.
TEM Images
Dissecting Microscope
• Also called stereoscope and used in
schools acquiring a 3D view on a
specimen.
• Magnification= 40X
• Uses light
• Used to view live specimen.
Dissecting Microscope
• 1. A cell biologist wants to observe
the surface of a nucleus in order to
obtain a detailed view the nuclear
pores through which mRNA leave
the nucleus. Which type of
microscope would be the BEST
choice?
Bell Ringer 10/26
• 1. Which scientist was the first to view
live cells?
• 2. List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
• 3. Which scientist suggested that cells
come from other cells?
• 4. . Which microscopes are used in
schools?
Microscope Review Questions
• 1. Which 2 microscopes use light
illumination?
• 2. Which microscope has the highest
magnification and resolution?
• 3 Which have the lowest magnification and
resolution?
• 4. Which 2 microscopes produce a 3-
dimensional image?
Bell Ringer 10/30
• 1. Which scientist concluded that all
plants are made up of cells?
• 2. Define resolution.
• 3. What is the magnification of a
compound microscope?
Bell Ringer 11/4
• 1. Which scientist invented the first
microscope?
• 2. Which scientist suggested that cells
com from existing cells?
• 3. Which microscope would I use if I
wanted to view a fruit fly in 3D?
• 4. Which microscope would I use to
view the cell wall and chloroplast of a
plant cell?
Applying the Cell
Theory
6. Which part of the Cell
Theory is represented by
these images?
7. Which part of the Cell Theory
is represented by these images?
8. Which part of the Cell Theory is
represented by these images?
III. Types of Cells
• 1.Prokaryotes/Prokaryotic
Cells:
– Single-celled organisms
that do not have a nucleus.
– DNA is spread out inside
the cell.
– Have a simple structure.
– Have all the characteristics
of living organisms.
– Example: Bacteria
2. Eukaryotes/Eukaryotic Cell
• Cells that have a nucleus.
• Can be single celled or multi-cellular.
• Have a complex structure with many
organelles.
• Organelles are structures that have specific
job in the cell.
• Examples: Plants, animals, protists (single-
cell), fungi (mushrooms)
A. Eukaryotic Cell
Structures and Functions
• Organelles: are tiny structures inside the cell that
perform specific jobs (specialized functions).
List of Organelles and
their Functions
• 1. Cytoplasm: is the area
inside the cell where all the
organelles are found.
– Found in all cells.
– a. Cytosol: is the jelly-like
fluid that makes up the
cytoplasm.
– Function: holds the
organelles, ions and
nutrients
– Found in all cells.
2. Ribosomes
• Are tiny little dark, round structures that make
proteins.
• Found in all cells
• Kinds of ribosomes
– A. Free- floating ribosomes are scattered in the
cytoplasm.
– Function: make proteins that are going to work
inside the cell.
– B.Membrane bound ribosomes are attached to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
– Function: Make proteins that are leaving the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Large structure that temporarily stores
compounds and transports substances
• Location: Outside the nucleus.
• 2 Types :
– A. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(smoothER)
– BRough Endoplasmic Reticulum (roughER)
– Found only in Eukaryotic cells
3. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum/ Rough ER
• A membrane that has ribosomes all
over it making it appear bumpy.
• Function: Helps ribosomes with
transporting proteins to the golgi body.
• Location: Eukaryotic cells
4. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum/ Smooth ER
• Is connected with the rough ER and has
no ribosomes.
• Function:
– Helps make certain lipids.
– Makes hormones
– Helps transport fats to the golgi body.
– Helps detoxify the body from alcohol.
– Breaks down stored glycogen.
5. Golgi Apparatus/Body
• Is a membrane located
on the cytoplasm.
• Found in Eukaryotic cell.
• Function:
– modifies (specializes)
proteins
– Packages proteins in
vesicles.
– Transports proteins out of
the cell.
– Makes an organelle called
lysosome.
6. Lysosome
• Tiny bowl shaped organelles containing
digestive proteins.
• Function: Digestive enzymes break
down damaged organelles and bacteria.
• Consider it the “clean up crew” of the
cell.
• Found only in animal cell.
Autolysis of a Cell
• Self-destruction of damaged cells:
– auto = self, lysis = break
– lysosome membranes break down and
release their digestive enzymes
-cell decomposes
– cellular materials recycle
• Occurs in injured cells or dying tissue.
• Rare in adults. In fetus breaks down
webbed feet.
7. Vacuoles “Storage”
• Function: Storage for water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Large Water Vacuole : Largest organelle
in plants filled with water and that
supports the leaves and flowers.
• Found in Plant cells, single celled
protists, and in some animal cells.
(Eukaryotic Cells)
8. Vesicles
• Small vacuoles that store
substances and move them
throughout the cell.
• Typically made from organelles
such as the ER or golgi
complex.
• Function: Transport vesicles
help move materials, such as
proteins and other molecules,
from one part of a cell to
another
• Found in Eukaryotic Cells.
9. Nucleus
• The structure in which the genetic material of
the organism is contained.
• Has 3 sections:
– a. Nuclear membrane: protects the inside of the
nucleus and gives it shape.
– b. Chromatin: is the loose DNA material.
Chromosome is when the DNA coils into pairs for
cell division.
– c. Nucleoli: the center of the nucleus that makes
ribosomes.
– Found in all eukaryotic cells.
10. Mitochondria
“Powerhouse”
• Are bean shape structures.
• This organelle is special because it has its
own protein and DNA and can divide.
• Function: Make energy for the cell.
– Organelle in which cellular respiration occurs to
make, ATP. (using food to make energy)
– The more energy the cell needs the more
mitochondria it has.
• Found in eukaryotic cells.
11. Cell membrane/
Plasma Membrane
• : Formed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer,
carbohydrates, cholesterol and proteins.
• It is the outermost part of most cells.
• Found: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
• Functions:
– Gives the cells shape
– separates the inside from outside of the cell.
– Controls what is goes in and out of the cell.
12. Chloroplast
• Function: Take in
sunlight to make
energy that is useful
to plants, glucose.
• Place where
photosynthesis
occurs.
• Found only in plants
13. Cell Wall
• Found: Structure found outside the cell
membrane of plant, fungi and
prokaryotic cells.
• Made out of mostly cellulose.
– in Plant and Prokaryotic cells.
– Function : provides support and protection
for cells so that they don’t burst (pop) in the
presence of too much water.
14. Centrioles
• Rod shaped structures.
• Function: Release spindle fibers that
attach to chromosomes during cell
division.
• Found: in animal cell
15. Cilia
• Small structures that extend from some
cells that look like eyelashes.
• Function: Is to help cells move around
or to move things across the
membrane.
• Found in animal and prokaryotic cells.
Cilia
16. Flagella
• Is a structure that looks like a whip or
tail.
• Function: Helps the cell move or swim
around.
• Found in prokaryotic cells and sperm
cells of animals.
Cell Wall
17. Peroxisomes
• Little round scattered inside the
cytoplasm.
• Function: breakdown chemicals that are
harmful to the cells and turn it into
something not harmful like water.
• Found in eukaryotic cells found in
detoxifying organs such as the liver and
kidney cell.
18. Cytoskeleton
• Structure that are in
most cells
• Function: Act like the
cells bones and
muscles they give the
cell structure and help
the organelles move
around.
• Found in eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells
3 Parts of Cytoskeleton
• a. Microfilaments: Made of the protein
actin.
– Function: in muscle contraction
– Provides the cell with a strong, flexible
framework.
– Help the cells move such as amoebas.
b. Intermediate
Filaments:
• Protein fibers that are spread out
through the cytoplasm of the cell.
– Function: Help maintain the cell shape.
– Stabilize organelles.
c. Microtubules
• Made of the protein tubulin.
– Function: Maintain cell shape.
– Anchor organelles and move them around
the cytoplasm.
– Form spindle fibers which separate
chromosomes during cell division.
11/29 Bell Ringer
• Explain the developments that led to the cell
theory.
• Explain why the cell theory is a theory and not a
law
III. Cell Membrane
Structure and Function
Cell Membrane Structure
• Structure is known as FLUID MOSAIC
MODEL
• The plasma membrane is selectively
permeable, and it will only allow specific
molecules to enter or leave the cell.
Arrangement Of the Cell
Membrane
• 2 layers of phospholipids
that have a hydrophilic
(water loving), polar heads
facing the inside and outside
forming the barrier toward
watery environment.
• Nonpolar fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic (fear of water)
line the middle of the bilayer.
Types of Membrane
Proteins
• 1. Cell Surface Marker Protein:
Contains a carbohydrate group
attached to it.
– Function: Used to identify cell type.
• 2. Receptor Proteins: Located in
between the cell membrane.
– Function: Responds to chemical signals
such as hormones.
– Bind to specific substances for that cell.
Cont. Membrane Proteins
• 3. Enzymes- Are also in the cell membrane.
– Function: Lower activation energy in chemical
reactions to speed up reaction rate.
• 4. Transport Proteins: Are located in the cell
membrane.
– Types include: a. Channel proteins that remain open
b. Gated channel protein that open and close and are more
specific.
– Function: Help move things in and out of the cell
that are not able to cross through the phospholipid
bilayer such as ions or polar substances.
Membrane Structures
-Other Molecules of the
Cell Membrane
• Cholesterol is between phospholipids
important in making the fluid membrane
more stable and sturdy.
• Carbohydrates are attached to some
proteins called glycoprotein.
– function in cell identification.
Bell Ringer 11/21
• 1. What is the structure of the plasma
membrane referred to?
• 2. Which biomolecule makes up the
majority of the cell membrane?
• 3. What is the function of the cell
membrane?
• 4. What are the functions of membrane
proteins?
Integral
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID glycoproteins
Phospholipid Integral protein
Glycolipids bilayer with channel
of glycocalyx Hydrophobic
tails
Cell
membrane
Cholesterol
Peripheral Hydrophillic
proteins heads
Gated Cytoskeleton
channel = 2 nm (Microfilaments)
CYTOPLASM
Bell Ringer 11/5
• 1.Which main organelle do prokaryotes
lack?
• 2. Which organelle functions in
digesting wornout organelles?
• 3. Which organelle modifies, packages
and transports proteins and other
substances?
• 4. If a person is an alcoholic which
organelle would grow to aid in
detoxification?
3 Parts of Cytoskeleton
• a. Microfilaments: Made of the protein
actin.
– Function: in muscle contraction
– Provides the cell with a strong, flexible
framework.
– Help the cells move such as amoebas.
b. Intermediate
Filaments:
• Protein fibers that are spread out
through the cytoplasm of the cell.
– Function: Help maintain the cell shape.
– Stabilize organelles.
c. Microtubules
• Made of the protein tubulin.
– Function: Maintain cell shape.
– Anchor organelles and move them around
the cytoplasm.
– Form spindle fibers which separate
chromosomes during cell division.
Bell Ringer 11/5
• 1. What are cells without a nucleus
classified as?
• 2. Which organelle makes proteins?
• 3. Which organelle breaks down things
with digestive enzymes?
• 4. Which organelle helps make lipids
and with detoxification?
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bell Ringer 11/12
• 1. List 3 organelles that are present in
plant cells and not animal cells.
• 2. List 3 organelles present in animal
cells and not animal cells.
• 3. List 3 organelles present in all cells.
Integral
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID glycoproteins
Phospholipid Integral protein
Glycolipids bilayer with channel
of glycocalyx Hydrophobic
tails
Cell
membrane
Cholesterol
Peripheral Hydrophillic
proteins heads
Gated Cytoskeleton
channel = 2 nm (Microfilaments)
CYTOPLASM
II. Movement of Substances
through the Membrane
• Two Types of Transport:
• 1. Passive Transport (no energy)
• 2. Active Transport (requires energy)
• The phospholipid bilayer is selectively
permeable, it will only allow specific
molecules in or out.
– Impermeable molecules: can not cross the
bilayer without help from proteins.
A. Passive Transport
• Involves the movement of molecules or ions
in and out of cells without taking energy from
the cell.
• Particles move following a concentration
gradient. Concentration gradient: difference in
amount of substance between two areas.
• In this mechanism molecules move from an
area of high concentration to low
concentration.
-Types of Passive
Transport
• 1. Simple Diffusion: The random movement
of molecules across a membrane until they
are spread out evenly.
– a. Molecules that will diffuse through the
plasma membrane: Nonpolar molecules:
lipids, steroids (hormones), vitamins,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas,
small alcohols, and ammonia
– b. Diffusion will stop when dynamic
equilibrium (balance) is reached.
– c. Important for gas exchange, nutrient
absorption, and cell waste.
Diffusion of Molecules
Diffusion Summary
• Help maintain a state of
homeostasis within cells
(and tissues, organs, and
organ systems) so that an
organism can stay alive
and healthy.
• No Energy
• High concentration to low
concentration
2. Osmosis
• Movement of water in and out of the cell.
• Method does not need energy.
• Water moves from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
– It will move to the area where there is more
solute less water.
Describe the movement
of the water and solute in
the images.
• Describe what is happening to vacuole
in each picture with the movement of
the water?
Describe what is
happening to the red
blood cell
Types of solutions
• Direction of osmosis is determined by
the difference of total solute
concentration.
• Solute concentration is the amount of
dissolved substance in a solvent.
– Water will move to the side where there is
more solute.
A. Hypotonic Solutions
The cell gains
water because
there is more solute
inside.
– (hemolysis of red
blood cells)
• Hypotonic solutions
may be given to a
drastically
dehydrated
individual.
B. Hypertonic Solutions
• The cell has less
solute inside than
water.
• The water will move
out of the cell and
the cell shrinks.:
– loses water
– Shrinks or
crenates.
C. Isotonic Solution
• There is a balance
between the water
and solute
concentration in and
out of the cell.
-No net movement.
- Homeostasis- ideal
situation for cells.
3. Facilitated Diffusion
• This is a selective
transport in which
specific molecules
are are transported
through carrier
proteins.
• Transport sugar and
amino acids.
4. Filtration
• the movement of solute molecules and
water across the cell membrane by
normal cardiovascular pressure.
• Certain functions of the kidneys
and liver are based upon filtration.
• Solute/water will follow a pressure
gradient from high to low.
Diffusion Through Ion Channels
• Voltage Sensitive channels
are proteins that respond to
an electrical charge.
• Open for ions and close
when concentration of ions
is balanced.
• Ions: Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Na+
• Important for nerves, brain,
heart beat
• Selective transport.
B. Active Transport
• Movement of molecules against the
concentration gradient.
• Molecules move from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration.
• The cell uses about 1/3 of its energy in
the form of ATP for active transport.
1.Sodium-Potassium
Pump
• One of the most important pumps in animal
cells.
• Helps the nervous system work
• Help transport sugars.
• Helps prevent to much water inside the cell.
• Two protein pumps move sodium and
potassium.
– Pumps 3 sodium (Na+) out
– 2 potassium (K-) moves into the cell.
• Moves from area of low concentration to high
concentration.
Sodium Potassium Pump
2. Proton Pump
• Is the movement of H+ ion in and out of
the cell.
– In body cells it allows cells to transform
energy from food into chemical energy
(ATP).
Vesicular Transport
• Is the movement of large substances into or out of
the cell in a vesicle.
– Vesicles are little sacs made from the cell’s
membrane that transport materials.
• There are two Categories of Vesicular Transport:
– 1.Endocytosis is the taking in of large
substances
– 2.Exocytosis is the release of substances
out of the cell.
Different Types of
Endocytosis
• 1. Phagocytosis: the cell wraps long
arm-like extensions around the
substance and brings it inside a vesicle.
– Common in single celled eukaryotes such
as amoeba.
– Macrophages are white blood blood cells
that engulf pathogens (bacteria) use this
method to digest it.
Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis/Bulk-
Phase End.
• Known as cellular “drinking”.
• The membrane folds in to form a vesicle
and takes in extracellular fluid (liquid
surrounding the cell) along with any
solute that is in it.
Exocytosis
• Method the cell uses to get rid of waste or
transport substances out of the cell.
• Vesicles carries substances such as proteins
by connecting to the membrane to spill out its
contents.
– Example: This is how insulin is released from
the cells in the pancreas.
– Tears release a salty protein from the cells
that form our tear ducts.
Exocytosis
Size of Cell
• Smaller cells are able to move
substances in and out a lot faster than
bigger cells.
• They have a higher surface to volume
ratio.
• This is why very large organisms are
multicellular.
Bell Ringer 12/4
• 1. In what type of solution would a cell
be if water moves inside?
• 2. Name 3 things that move into the cell
through diffusion.
• 3. Water wants to move toward an are
that there is more _______
• 4. Passive transport that allow
molecules to cross using a channel
protein
Bell Ringer 12/4
• 1. If there a cell is put into a solution
that has 35%NaCl while the cell
contains 5% in which direction will water
move?
• 2. Which process would a cell use to
engulf a bacteria?
• 3. Which active process is used to
covert food into ATP?
• 4. What is the purpose of the sodium
and Potassium pumps?
Bell Ringer 12/10
• 1.What is the name for the movement of
a small nonpolar molecule from an area
of high concentration to low?
• 2. How many Na+ move out and K- in?
• 3. Dynamic equilibrium is associated
with which solute solution of osmosis?
• 4. Which type of passive transport uses
carrier proteins to move molecules from
a high concentration to a low?
Bell Ringer 12/6
• 1. What process is
shown below?
• 2. Is this process
active transport or
passive transport?
• 3. What is the
process cells used
to release contents
using vesicular
transport
