•Concrete Mix Design

• Concepts of Mix Design, Factors for

proportioning of concrete. Factors to be
considered, Statistical quality control,
Laboratory trial mixes and guidelines to
improve mix , methods of Mix Design for
M25 and above grades by IS (10262, 456) and
DOE methods
Proportion of each Ingredient
 Definition

Concrete Mix Design

(DESIGN MIX)
• It is a process of selecting suitable ingredients
and determining their relative proportions
with the objective of producing concrete of
having certain minimum workability, strength
and durability and as economically as possible.
 Objective as per IS-10262 : 2009

The objective of proportioning concrete mixes is

to arrive at the most economical and practical
combinations of different ingredients to produce
concrete that will satisfy the performance
requirements under specified conditions of use.

The proportioning is carried out to achieve

specified characteristics strength at specified age,
workability of fresh concrete and durability
requirements.
As per IS 456
• Characteristic strength of Concrete (fck):
• The characteristic strength of concrete is the
result of the compressive strength of
the concrete cube test.
• The strength of concrete below which not
more than 5% test results are expected to fall.
Compressive strength (Load/Area)

Compressive load
 Grade of concrete

• Concrete grade refers

to the minimum
compressive strength of
concrete 28 days after it's
poured.
• M40 M: MIX
• Characteristics compressive after 28 days 40
N/mm2
 Types of Grade Of Concrete
• Ordinary Concrete (Nominal) M10 to
M20
• Standard Concrete (M25 to M60)
• High strength Concrete (M65 to
M100)
 Grades of Concrete (As per IS 456-2000)

GROUP GRADE SPECIFIED CHARACTRISTIC

DESIGNATION COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS
(N/mm2 )

Ordinary M10 10
concrete
M15 15 FIXED
M20 20
M25 25

Standard M30 30
concrete M35 35
M40 40
M45 45
M50 50
M55 55
M60 60
 Grades of Concrete
As per IS 456-2000 (Amendment no.4)
GROUP GRADE DESIGNATION SPECIFIED CHARACTRISTIC
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28
DAYS (N/mm2 )

High strength M65 65

concrete
M70 70
M75 75
M80 80
M85 85
M90 90
M95 95
M100 100
 TYPES OF MIX
• MIX Decides the proportion of concrete
ingredients

• NOMINAL MIX (Standard MIX) : FIX

• DESIGN MIX (MIX DESIGN)
• TRIAL MIX
• NOMINAL MIX ; Fix proportion decided by IS
Code used up to M20 ONLY

• Final out put : cement : sand: CA

• M10 : 1: 3: 6
• 50 KG : 150 KG: 300 KG
1. Nominal Mix:
a. Used for relatively unimportant and simpler works.
b. No scope for any deviation by the designer since
ingredients are prescribed and their proportions specified.
c. May be used for M-20 or lower.

Table 9 - IS 456

Kg
• DESIGN MIX:
• Designer has to calculate the proportion of
each every materials. (As per requirement)

• Above M25 are called Design MIX

• lower than M20 are called as NOMINAL MIX
2. Design Mix:

a. Performance based mix.

b. Choice of ingredients and proportioning are left to
designer.
c. User has to specify requirements of concrete in
fresh as well as in hardened state only.

Fresh concrete – Workability, Bleeding & Segregation.

Hardened concrete–Compressive strength, durability,
Impermeability & surface finish.
• Factor affecting on MIX
DESIGN/ Strength
 Factors affecting Mix proportion
• Grade designation
• Type and Grade of Cement
• Max. nominal size of Aggregate
• Grade of Aggregate
• Fineness modulus
• W/C ratio
• Quality control
Sampling (No. of cubes to be tested)
01 sample is 03 Cubes
 Sampling
• Three test specimens (cubes) shall be made for
each sample for testing at 28 days.

• Additional samples may be required for various

purposes such as to determine the strength of
concrete at 3 days/ 7 days or at the time of striking
the formwork, or to determine the duration of
curing or to check the testing error.
• Additional samples may also be required for
testing samples cured by accelerated methods as
described in
 Sampling
1. One sample comprising of 3 cubes shall be taken
from each shift.
Quantity of concrete in work Number of samples (Min)
2. Samples should be taken at random and should
1-5 cum
be representative 1 (3 cube)
of actual concrete.
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 and above 4 + 1 additional sample for each
additional 50 cum or part thereof.

Factors affecting cube test results

 Cube Casting (IS 516)

1. Concrete is filled in mould in 3 equal layers.

2. Manual compaction - Each layer is tamped 35 times
by bullet headed tamping rod of 16 mm dia and 600
mm long.

3. Needle/plate vibrator can also be used.

4. The cube in mould is covered with glass/metal

plate.

5. Stripped after 16-24 hrs and then submerged in

pond till testing.

6. Light marking of date and number for identification

is done .
Compressive strength (Load/Area)

Compressive load
 Cube test results
Individual variation of Cube strength should not be
more than +15% of average strength.
If more, the test results are invalid.

e.g. grade of concrete-M30

C1=24, C2=32, C3=37 Average=93/3=31

+15% of 31 = 31+31x0.15 = 31+4.65 = 35.65
- 15% of 31 = 31-31x0.15 = 31-4.65 = 25.65
- Invalid
 •Statistical
Interpretation Of
Cube Results
 Statistical Interpretation Of Cube Results
• Cube test result is influenced by number of
factors like material, their proportions, various
processes like mixing, compaction, curing and
finally the testing procedure of cubes.
• Even the results of different cubes, cast from the
same concrete at the same time, cured and
tested in similar way may also show different
results.
• Therefore for evaluation of the test results, the
help of statistical approach is required.
• For testing of concrete , we take 3
specimens from a sample.
• When we test more than 30 sample i.e.
more than 90 specimens (3 specimen
from each sample) and test all these
specimens and draw the strength v/s no.
of specimen curve, we get normal
distribution curve.
• The mean of this curve is called mean
strength of concrete.
 80
Statistical Interpretation Of Cube Results
(Histogram/Normal distribution curve) same Mean but diff. varience
70
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS IN 70

60
60
55
52
50
50
INTERVAL

40
35 35

30 30
30

20
15

10 10
10
7
4 5
2 3 3 3 2
0 1 1 1
0
40 41 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH IN MPa
 Statistical Interpretation Of Cube Results
(Histogram/Normal distribution curve) same Mean but diff. varience
 Probability of test results falling below the design
strength is not more than a specified tolerance
level(5%)
• When there is good control, the strength
test values will tend to cluster near to the
average value, that is, the histogram of
test results is tall and narrow.
• As variation in strength results increases,
the spread in the data increases and the
normal distribution curve becomes lower
and wider.
 Understanding Of Normal Distribution Curve

 Shows the probability of concentration of test

results at this strength.
 Concentration at mean value depends upon
‘Quality control’ & S.D.
 If S.D. is less, probability of concentration of test
results will be higher at the mean value.
• The normal distribution can be fully
defined mathematically by two statistical
parameters: the mean (X bar) and
standard deviation (S).
• X bar∑ /n
• Standard deviations (S):
• The standard deviation is the most
generally recognized measure of
dispersion of the individual test data
from their average.
 Standard deviation (S.D.) : 1.5

S.D. (S) = ∑ (x- µ)²

n-1

Where S = Standard deviation of the group

x = Individual test result
n = no. of test results considered
µ = Average of n test results considered
S.D. will be less if the quality control at site is better.
• Mean strength:
• This is the average strength obtained by dividing the
sum of strength of all the cubes by the number of
cubes.
• X = SUM x/n
• Variance: This is the measure of variability or
difference between any single observed data from the
mean strength.
• Coefficient of variation: It is an alternative method of
expressing the variation of results. It is a non
dimensional measure of variation obtained by dividing
the std. deviation by the arithmetic mean.
• V= S/ x X100
• The mean of this curve is called mean
strength of concrete.
• But for all purpose of concrete, it's
strength is taken as characteristics
strength which is the strength below
which only 5% of specimens fails in
compression test.
• Mean strength=
Characteristic strength+1.65×standard
deviation
 Target or Mean strength
• f’ck = fck + 1.65 S
Target Mean Strength
 Target Mean Strength
• From the experiments it is found that the area
under the ‘Normal distribution curve’ follows
certain behavior such that area covered within
a distance equal to one S.D. on either side from
mean will be equal to 34.1% of total area.
Similarly 2nd & 3rd S.D. will cover additional area
of 13.6% & 2.2% respectively.
• Approximately 99.9% area will be covered
within distance equal to (3 x S.D) on each side
from mean value.
• From this it is clear that if we require the
strength equal to mean value, probability is
that only 50% cubes will have strength equal
to or more than the required strength.
• If we want to increase the % of cubes having
strength equal or more than the required
strength, we will have to target for higher
strength.
 Target mean strength
• While designing the mix, it should be targeted for
higher strength called ‘Target mean strength’ (f’ck) so
that not more than 5% test results fall below a desired
strength ‘fck’ i.e. characteristics strength (CS).

• Few cube test results may show less strength below CS

value. This is in accordance with the design criteria of
mix and acceptable. Therefore manipulation of results
shall not be attempted.
• The mix shall be designed to produce the grade of
concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than appropriate values
given in Table 2 of IS456-2000.
Target Mean Strength M30 targeting 35
 Target Mean Strength

• So instead of placing the desired strength (fck) at

mean value, it is placed on left side of mean value
by a distance equal to (k x S.D), where k will
depend upon the % of cubes we want to have
strength equal or more than the desired strength.
As per IS 456-2000, this % is 95% and therefore
desired strength has to be placed at 1.65 times
S.D. left of mean.
f’ck = fck + 1.65 S
OR f’ck = fck + X Whichever is higher
fck - Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
in N/mm²
f’ck - Target mean compressive strength at
28 days in N/mm²
S - Standard Deviation in N/mm²
X - Factor based on the grade of concrete,
as per Table 1.

The value of 1.65 is based upon the provision that

5% of the test results can be accepted having
lower than the required strength.
Value of X Table 1 of IS-10262
Grade Of Concrete Value of X

i) M-10, M-15 5.0

ii) M-20, M-25 5.5
iii) M-30, M-35, M-40, M-45, M-50, M-55, M-60 6.5
iv) M-65 and above 8.0
NOTES
1. The above values correspond to good degree of site control having proper
storage of cement; weigh batching of all materials; controlled addition of
water; regular checking of all materials; aggregate grading and moisture
content; and regular checking of workability and strength. Where there are
deviations from the above, the site control shall be designated as fair and the
values given in the above table shall be increased by 1 N/mm2.
2. For grades M65 and above, the standard deviation may also be established by
actual trials based on assumed proportions, before finalizing the mix.
 Step 2b:Standard Deviation

Table 1 Assumed Standard Deviation

• Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning:

• Indian Standard Method of

Concrete Mix Design
(IS10262-2019)
 Data for Mix proportioning (IS-10262, 2019)
1. Grade designation,
2. Type of cement, grade of cement,
3. Maximum nominal size of aggregate,
4. Maximum water cement ratio,
5. Workability required at the time of placement,
6. Exposure conditions as per table 4 and 5 of IS-456,
7. Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing,
8. Method of placing, Transportation time,
9. Degree of site control (good/fair) or value of established
standard deviation, if any;
10. Type of coarse aggregate & fine aggregate,
11. Maximum & Minimum cement content,
12. Whether chemical & mineral admixture shall or shall not be
used and the type of admixture and the condition of use.
 Procedure

1. Calculation of Target mean strength (f’ck)

2. Approximate Air Content ( 20 mm Agg. Size ,
neglect)
3. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio (W/C)
4. Selection Of Water Content
5. Calculation of cementitious material content
6. Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion
7. Estimation of fine aggregate proportion
8. Mix calculations (Trial mixes)
• Suppose total Qty of Concrete is
• 1 m3
 DESIGN MIX STEPS
For Ordinary & Standard Grades concrete

1. Calculation of Target mean

strength
f’ck = fck + 1.65 S
OR
f’ck = fck + X
Whichever is higher
 Step 1: Target Strength
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
f’ck = fck + 1.65 s
Where
f’ck = target mean compressive strength at 28
days in N/mm2
fck = Characteristic Compressive Strength at 28
days in N/mm2 and
S = Standard Deviation N/mm2

M25 fck : 25 M40: fck: 40

 Step :Standard Deviation (S)

Table 1 Assumed Standard Deviation

Value of X Table 1 of IS-10262
Grade Of Concrete Value of X

i) M-10, M-15 5.0

ii) M-20, M-25 5.5
iii) M-30, M-35, M-40, M-45, M-50, M-55, M-60 6.5
iv) M-65 and above 8.0
NOTES
1. The above values correspond to good degree of site control having proper
storage of cement; weigh batching of all materials; controlled addition of
water; regular checking of all materials; aggregate grading and moisture
content; and regular checking of workability and strength. Where there are
deviations from the above, the site control shall be designated as fair and the
values given in the above table shall be increased by 1 N/mm2.
2. For grades M65 and above, the standard deviation may also be established by
actual trials based on assumed proportions, before finalizing the mix.
2. Approximate Air content

Table 3 gives the approximate

amount of entrapped air to be
expected in normal (non-air-
entrained) concrete.
Air Content
•Selection of MIX
proportion
 Step 2: Selection of w/c
• Relationship between w/c and strength should be
established for actual materials used.
• In the absence of such data, w/c corresponding to
the 28 day target strength may be selected from the
established relationship (If available).
• Other wise, the w/c given in Table 5 of IS 456 may be
used as starting point (Considering durability
aspects).
• If actual relationship is available , then the same
should be checked with table 5 values and the lowest
may be adopted.
• 3. Selection Of Water-Cement
Ratio
 Procedure (IS-10262, 2019)

The free water-cement ratio selected

should be checked against the
limiting water cement ratio for the
requirement of durability and lower
of the 2 values adopted.
It should be selected on the basis
of Exposure condition.
 3. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio
1. Table-5 of IS-456 Min cement content, max W/C ratio and min
grade of concrete for different exposures with normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size.

SN Exposure RCC (Table 5)

Minimum cement Maximum free Minimum grade of

content water cement ratio concrete
(Kg/m3)

1 Mild 300 0.55 M-20

2 Moderate 300 0.50 M-25

3 Severe 320 0.45 M-30

4 Very Severe 340 0.45 M-35

5 Extreme 360 0.40 M-40

 TABLE 4 (a) : MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT RATIO
(durability)

Exposure Max. W/C Ratio

condition
PCC RCC PSC

MODERATE 0.50 0.45 0.40

SEVERE 0.45 0.40 0.40

EXTREME 0.40 0.35 0.35

75
• 3) Selection W/C ratio

• From IS code table (M30)

• Maximum W/c : 0.45
• According to durability
• W/c: 0.40
• Select Minimum water cement ratio ie. 0.40
•4. Selection Of
Water Content (W)
 4. Selection Of Water Content (W)
Table-4 of IS-10262 Water content per cubic meter of concrete
for nominal maximum size of aggregate.
SN Nominal maximum size of Maximum water content
aggregate (mm) (Kg)

1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165
Note: 1. These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious
material contents for trial batches.
2. Water content corresponds to SSD aggregate. (saturated surface dry
condition)
3. The water content is for angular CA and for 25-50 mm slump range.
4. For other than 25-50 mm slump range, the water content can be
established by trial or an increase by about 3% for every additional 25
mm slump or alternatively by use of chemical admixtures.
5. Water reducing admixtures usually decrease water content by 5-10% and
superplasticizers by 20% and above.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• W/C= 0.40
• For 20 mm size 186 Lit/Kg Water (W)
• Only fro 25-50 mm slump
• If Slump is 100 mm (25 mm 3% increase)
• 6x186/100 :
• 186+11.16 : 197.16
.
5. Calculation of cement/cementitious materials content

1. The cement and supplementary cementitious

materials content per cubic meter can be
calculated from free water cement ratio and the
quantity of water per cubic meter.

The cementitious material should

2.
be checked against minimum content
for the requirement of durability and
greater of the two should be adopted.
• Suppose
• W/C = 0.5
• 186/C : 0.5
• C: 186/0.5 : 372 kg/m3
 MIN. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
(As per CBC Table 4(c) Clause 5.4.5)
Exposure Minimum Cementitious material
condition content in Kg/m3
PCC RCC PSC

MODERATE 240 300 400

SEVERE 250 350 430
EXTREME 300 400 440
Maximum cement content
As per IS-456-2000 (Para 8.2.4.2) - Not to exceed 450 kg/m3 when
OPC is used
As per CBC – 2014 (Clause 5.4.5) - Shall be limited to 500kg/m3.
82
Table 6 of IS-456 Adjustments to Minimum Cement
Contents for Aggregates Other Than 20 mm
Nominal Maximum Size

Sr. No. Nominal Maximum Adjustments to

Aggregate Size Minimum Cement
mm Contents In
Table- 5
Kg/m3:-
i 10 +40
ii 20 0
iii 40 -30
• Estimation of coarse
aggregate proportion
and Fine aggregate
proportion
 6. Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion
Table-5 of IS-10262 Volume of CA per unit volume of total
aggregate for different zones of FA. (For W/C: 0.5)
SN Nominal maximum Volume of CA per unit volume of total aggregate for
size of aggregate different zones of fine aggregate
(mm)
Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I

1 10 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48

2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.69
Note: 1. The approximate values of aggregate volume are for a water
cement ratio of 0.50 which may be suitably adjusted for other
water cement ratios.
2. For Pumpable concrete or when the concrete is required to be
worked around congested steel, it may be desirable to reduce
the CA upto 10%.
 Volume of CA other than 0.5 w/c ratio
• The proportion of volume of coarse aggregate
is increased or decreased at the rate of -/+
0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in water-cement
ratio).

• Volume of FA = 1- Volume of CA
• Volume fine agg : 1- 0.60 (CA)
 Volume of Fine aggregate proportion

• Volume of FA = 1- Volume
of CA
• Volume fine agg : 1- 0.60
(CA)
 Estimation of Fine Aggregate Proportion

• The coarse and fine aggregate content

quantities are determined by finding out the
absolute volume of cementations material,
water and the chemical admixture; by dividing
their mass by their respective specific gravity,
multiplying by 1/1000 and subtracting the
result of their summation from unit volume.
• The coarse and fine aggregate contents are
then determined by multiplying with their
respective specific gravities and multiplying by
1000.
• Now Data Available (known)
• Quantity (Mass) of Cement
• Quantity (Mass) of Water
• AND
• Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine
Aggregate (Mass Unknown)
• Can we calculate the respective
volumes of CEMENT and WATER in
total 1m3 volume of concrete.
• Density = Mass / Volume
• Volume = Mass /Density
• Volume : Mass/ Specific gravity x 1000
 7. Estimation of Volume of CA+FA

VolUME ( Total volume 1m^3)

b. Cement = Mass x 1
SG 1000

c. Water = Mass x 1
SG 1000

d. Chemical Adm. =
Mass x 1
SG 1000
Volume of cement and water

Volume of CA+FA = 1 - (b+c+d) m³

Volume of CA & FA: 1- (Cement and
Water)
• NOW calculate the
MASS (Quantity of CA
&FA)
• Density: Mass/
volume
 8. Estimation of mass of CA & FA proportion

e. The value so obtained is divided into CA

and FA
fractions by volume in accordance with
CA proportion already determined.
.
Density: Mass/ volume
Mass: density x volume
Mass: S.G.X 1000X volume
f. Mass of CA = Volume x SG x 1000

g. Mass of FA = Volume x SG x 1000

 Quantities per 1 m³ of concrete:
1. Cement - kg/m3
2. Water - kg/m3
3. CA - Kg/m3
4. FA - Kg/m3
5. Chemical admixture - Kg/m3
6. Water cement ratio -
This is first trial mix, TM – 0
Note -
7. Aggregate should be used in SSD condition.
8. If otherwise, allowance shall be made for free(surface) moisture
contributed by the CA and FA.
3. On the other hand, if the aggregates are dry, the amount of mixing
water should be increased equal to the moisture likely to be absorbed.
4. Necessary adjustments are also required in mass of aggregates.
5. The surface water and percentage water absorption of aggregates
shall be determined according to IS 2386.
9. Trial Mixes -
1. Workability of TM-0 will be measured.
2. The mix will be carefully observed for freedom from
segregation, bleeding and finishing properties.
3. If the workability of TM-0 is different from the
stipulated value, the water and/or admixture content
shall be adjusted suitably.
4. With this adjustment, the mix proportions will be
calculated again keeping same W/C ratio.

This will be TM-01.

5. In addition, 2 more TM no. 2 and 3 will be made with

same water content and varying the W/C ratio by +10%.
6. A graph between 3 W/C ratios and their corresponding

strengths at 28 days will be plotted to work out the

mix proportions for the given Targeted mean strength
TMS.
7. However, durability requirement shall be met.
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING:

a. Grade designation M25

b. Type of cement OPC 43 grade conforming to IS

8112
c. Maximum nominal 20mm size of aggregate

d. Minimum cement content 300 kg/m3

e. Maximum water-cement ratio 0.50

f. Workability 50 mm (Slump)
g. Exposure condition Moderate ( for reinforced
concrete)
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING:
h. Method of concrete placing ---

i. Degree of supervision Good

j. Type of aggregate crushed angular

aggregate

k. Maximum cement content 450 kg/m3

l. Chemical admixture type ---

 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
Test Data for Materials
a. Cement used OPC 43 grade
conforming to IS 8112
b. Specific gravity of cement 3.15
c. Specific gravity of:
1) Coarse aggregate 2.71
2) Fine aggregate 2.70
d. Sieve analysis:
1)Coarse aggregate Conforming to Table 2 of
IS 383
2)Fine aggregate Conforming to grading
Zone I of Table 4 of IS
383
• Data for Design
• M25
• Size of Agg: 20mm (CA)
• Slump: 50 mm
• Exposure: Moderate
• Max. W/C : 0.50
• 1) Calculate the mean Target strength
• f’ck = fck + 1.65 S Fck: 25
• f’ck = 25+ 1.65 s (Std. devaition)
(M25)
• For M25 : S: 4.00
• f’ck = 25 + 1.65x4
• f’ck = 31.6 N/mm2
• 2) Air content ( 20 mm size no need to calculate air
content)
• 3) selection W/C ratio
• From table its
• W/C: 0.50
• According Durability ( W/C )
• W/c: 0.45
• Select minimum W/C ratio
• W/C: 0.45
 W/C: 0.45
• 4) Selection /Calculation of Water qty’
• From Table
• For 20 mm size Agg: 186 Kg (Lit.)
• Water : 186 Kg/m3
• 5) Cement QTY,
• W/C: 0.45
• 186/C : 0.45
• C (Cement): 186/0.45
• Cement : 413.5 Kg/m3
• 5) Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion
• Portion (CA and FA)
• Volume (CA and Fa)
• Mass ( CA and FA)

• From, table
• CA proportion for 20 mm size agg( ZoneI): 0.60 (W/c:
0.50)
• Correction (W/c: 0.45 lesser of 0.05
• For 0.05 w/c : 0.01
• 0.60+0.01: 0.61
• Proportion of CA : 0.61 %
• Proportion of FA: 1- 0.61: 0.39 %
• Volumes
• Total volume is 1 m3 (Density: Mass/ volume)
• Volume: Mass/ density : Mass/ S.GX1000
• Volume of cement: 413.5/3.17X1000: 0.130 m3
• Volume of water : 186/1x 1000: 0.186 m3
• Volume of CA+FA: 1- (0.130+0.186)
• : 0.684 m3
• Mass (Qty.)
• 1) Cement : 413.5 Kg/m3
• 2) Water : 186 kg/m3
• Density: mass/volume Mass : S.GX 1000 x
• Volume
• Mass of CA: 2.71X1000X0.684X0.61 : 1130.7
Kg/m3
• Mass of FA: 2.70X1000X0.684X0.39: 720.25
Kg/m3
 Results
• 1) Cement : 413.5 Kg/m3
• 2) Water : 186 kg/m3
• 3) Course Agg : 1130.7 Kg/m3
• 4) Fine Agg.: 720.25 Kg/m3
• 5) W/C : 0.45
• Cement: sand: CA
• 1:1.74:2.73
 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT

• From table-3 volume of course aggregate for 20

mm size aggregate corresponding to fine
aggregate ( zone-I) for water cement ratio 0.5 is =
0.60
• In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.45.
Therefore. volume of coarse aggregate is required
to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate
content.
• As the water-cement ratio is lowered by 0.05. the
proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is
increased by 0.01 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every
± 0.05 change in water-cement ratio).
• Therefore. corrected proportion of
volume of coarse aggregate for the water-
cement ratio of 0.45 =0.60+.01= 0.61.
• Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.61 = 0.39
• Note: In case the coarse aggregate is not
angular one. then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required 10 be increased
suitably , based on experience.
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
•
f. Mass of course aggregate = d* volume of course aggregate* Specific
gravity of aggregate* 1000 = 0.6829x 0.61x 2.71x 1000
= 1129 kg.

g. Mass of fine aggregate = d* volume of fine aggregate* Specific gravity of

aggregate* 1000 = 0.6829x 0.39x 2.70x 1000
= 719 kg.

Mix proportion for TM-1

 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING

TARGET STENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f’ck = fck + 1.65 s

Where,
f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days and
s = standard deviation
From Table 1, standard deviation, s = 4 N/mm2
Target strength = 25 + 1.65 * 4 = 31.60 N/mm2
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO
From Table 5 of IS 456 , maximum 0.50
water-cement ratio
Based on experience , adopt water- 0.45
cement ratio
0.45 < 0.50 hence ok
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From Table 2, Maximum water =186 litre(for 25 to 50 mm slump range)
content For 20mm aggregate

Estimated water content = 186 litre

 3. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio
1. Table-5 of IS-456 Min cement content, max W/C ratio and min
grade of concrete for different exposures with normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size.

SN Exposure RCC (Table 5)

Minimum cement Maximum free Minimum grade of

content water cement ratio concrete
(Kg/m3)

1 Mild 300 0.55 M-20

2 Moderate 300 0.50 M-25

3 Severe 320 0.45 M-30

4 Very Severe 340 0.45 M-35

5 Extreme 360 0.40 M-40

 TABLE 4 (a) : MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT RATIO
(Clause 5.4.3 of CBC)

Exposure Max. W/C Ratio

condition
PCC RCC PSC

MODERATE 0.50 0.45 0.40

SEVERE 0.45 0.40 0.40

EXTREME 0.40 0.35 0.35

114
 4. Selection Of Water Content
Table-4 of IS-10262 Water content per cubic meter of concrete
for nominal maximum size of aggregate.
SN Nominal maximum size of Maximum water content
aggregate (mm) (Kg)

1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165
Note: 1. These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious
material contents for trial batches.
2. Water content corresponds to SSD aggregate. (saturated surface dry condition)
3. The water content is for angular CA and for 25-50 mm slump range.
4. For other than 25-50 mm slump range, the water content can be
established by trial or an increase by about 3% for every additional 25
mm slump or alternatively by use of chemical admixtures.
5. Water reducing admixtures usually decrease water content by 5-10% and
superplasticizers by 20% and above.
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water – cement ratio =0.45

Cement content =186 / 0.45 = 413 kg/m3

From Table 5 of IS 456, = 300 kg/m3

minimum cement content for
Moderate exposure condition

413 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3 , hence ok

 6. Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion

Table-5 of IS-10262 Volume of CA per unit volume of total

aggregate for different zones of FA.
SN Nominal Volume of CA per unit volume of total aggregate for
maximum size of different zones of fine aggregate
aggregate
(mm) Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I

1 10 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48

2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.69
Note: 1. The approximate values of aggregate volume are for a water
cement ratio of 0.50 which may be suitably adjusted for other
water cement ratios.
2. For Pumpable concrete or when the concrete is required to be
worked around congested steel, it may be desirable to reduce
the CA upto 10%.
 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT

• From table-3 volume of course aggregate for 20

mm size aggregate corresponding to fine
aggregate ( zone-I) for water cement ratio 0.5 is =
0.60
• In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.45.
Therefore. volume of coarse aggregate is required
to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate
content.
• As the water-cement ratio is lowered by 0.05. the
proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is
increased by 0.01 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every
± 0.05 change in water-cement ratio).
• Therefore. corrected proportion of
volume of coarse aggregate for the water-
cement ratio of 0.45 =0.60+.01= 0.61.
• Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.61 = 0.39
• Note: In case the coarse aggregate is not
angular one. then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required 10 be increased
suitably , based on experience.
 IILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX
PROPORTIONING
•
f. Mass of course aggregate = d* volume of course aggregate* Specific
gravity of aggregate* 1000 = 0.6829x 0.61x 2.71x 1000
= 1129 kg.

g. Mass of fine aggregate = d* volume of fine aggregate* Specific gravity of

aggregate* 1000 = 0.6829x 0.39x 2.70x 1000
= 719 kg.

Mix proportion for TM-1

 The slump shall be measured and the water content and
dosage of admixture shall be adjusted for achieving
the required slump based on trial, if required. The mix
proportions shall be reworked for the actual water
content and checked for durability requirements.

 Two more trials having variation of ±1O percent of water-

cement ratio in TM1 shall be carried out
 and a graph between three water-cement ratios and their
corresponding strengths shall be plotted to work out the mix
proportions for the given target strength for field trials.

 However, durability requirement shall be met.

• AS A PART OF CCA (50 marks)
• 1) Assignments (20 marks) --- 03No.
• 2) MID term ( 15 marks)
• 3) Group Activity (15 marks)
• Make a group of 04/ 05 students
• A) Poster presentation
• B) PPTs ( on any topic from concrete tech)
• App-rox- 10/15 slides
• C) visit the construction site and collect some information
• 1) cement : type, grade,(stacking of cemnt)
• Fresh concrete ( slump)
• 2) type aggrgate : max. size agggrgate, Fine Aggg.

• Preapre a small hand/ type report submit

• Group1 ( site visit report

• 1) Kartik 2) Sansakr 3) Yash 4)

 The Department of Environment’s Design Method (DOE
Method):

• The DOE method of mix design is an improvement over

Road Note No. 4 method.
• This method of concrete mix design or proportioning
mainly is based on the extensive field and laboratory
experiments carried out by Road Research laboratory
U.K.
• The Road Note 4 method was published for the first
time in 1950.
• This method of mix design was most popular and widely
used up to 1970 all over the world.
• Most of the Indian Concrete roads and air fields were
designed by this method, but it is obsolete now.
 DOE Method
• The DOE method was first published in 1975
and revised in 1988.
• The DOE method of mix design is applicable to
all types of concrete mixes including roads,
while Road Note No. 4 was applicable to roads
and air fields only.
• This method can also be used for concrete
containing fly ash.
• DOE method is a standard method of mix
design in U.K. now.
• This method used the relationship
between water/cement ratio and
compressive strength depending on the
type of cement and aggregate used.
 DESIGN MIX STEPS
For Ordinary & Standard Grades concrete

1. Find the Target mean strength from the

Characteristic strength

Calculation of Target mean strength

f’ck = fck + 1.65 S (40 n/mm2)

S= RISK FACTOR / (std .deviation)

M25 S : 4
 W/C:0.5
• Find out compressive strength ( cement. Type
agg)

• 42 N/mm2 W/C: 0.5

For W/C : 0.5
• W/C : 0.45
• 4. Determination of cement content ―
The amount of cement can be determined from
the total water content and w/c ratio.
i.e., Cement content = [(Weight of water)/(w/c
ratio)]
• The quantity of cement obtained by the above
relation should be compared with the minimum
cement content specified from durability
consideration.
• The higher of the two quantities should be
adopted.
• 5. Determination of total aggre­gate content
―
• For determining the total aggregate content,
the estimation of wet density of fully
compacted concrete is required.
• This can be obtained from Fig. 20.11 for approxi­
mate water content and known specific gravity
of aggregate.
• If the specific gravity of aggregate is not known
its value for un crushed aggregate may be taken
as 2.6 and 2.7 for crushed aggregate may be
assumed as shown on curves A and B of the Fig.
20.11.
• Wt. of cement and Water

• Total :2400
• CA Pulus Fa: 2400- wt of water- wt. of cement
• The aggregate content is determined by subtracting the
weights of cement and water content from the weight
of fresh concrete read from the Fig. 20.11.

Total wt of concrete: cement

• 6. Determination of fine aggregate ―
• The proportion of fine aggregate in the total
aggregate is determined from Fig. 20.12.
• Fig. 20.12 (a) is for 10 mm size, 20.12 (b) for
20 mm size, Fig. 20.12 (c) is for 40 mm size
coarse aggregate.
• The parameters involved in Fig. 20.12 are max.
size of aggregate, the water content, degree of
workability and the percentage of fine
aggregate passing through 600 micron sieve.
 for 10 mm size
percentage of fine aggregate
passing through 600 micron sieve
for 20 and 40mm size
• Note:
• 1. From the proportions so obtained
trial mix may be prepared and samples
should be prepared and tested to
confirm its suitability for the proposed
concrete structure.
• 2. If fly ash is used along with cement,
then water content may be reduced as
shown in Table 20.48.