Scribd
Upload
4 views

Introduction to Signals

A Signal is the function of one or more independent variables that carries some information to represent a physical phenomenon.

Uploaded by

sandeeprajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Introduction to Signals

A Signal is the function of one or more independent variables that carries some information to represent a physical phenomenon.

Uploaded by

sandeeprajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Introduction to Signals

• A Signal is the function of one or more independent variables


that carries some information to represent a physical
phenomenon.
• A continuous-time signal, also called an analog signal, is
defined along a continuum of time.
A discrete-time signal is defined at discrete
times.
Elementary Signals
Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals
• Sinusoids and exponentials are important in signal and
system analysis because they arise naturally in the
solutions of the differential equations.
• Sinusoidal Signals can expressed in either of two ways :
cyclic frequency form- A sin 2Пfot = A sin(2П/To)t
radian frequency form- A sin ωot
ωo = 2Пfo = 2П/To
To = Time Period of the Sinusoidal Wave
Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals Contd.

x(t) = A sin (2Пfot+ θ) Sinusoidal signal


= A sin (ωot+ θ)

x(t) = Aeat Real Exponential


Complex Exponential
= Aejω̥t = A[cos (ωot) +j sin (ωot)]

θ = Phase of sinusoidal wave


A = amplitude of a sinusoidal or exponential signal
fo = fundamental cyclic frequency of sinusoidal signal
ωo = radian frequency
Unit Step Function

1 , t  0

u t  1/ 2 , t 0
0 , t  0

Precise Graph Commonly-Used Graph


Signum Function
 1 , t  0
 
sgn t   0 , t 0   2 u t   1
 1 , t  0 
 
Precise Graph Commonly-Used Graph

The signum function, is closely related to the unit-step


function.
Unit Ramp Function

t , t  0  t
ramp t     u   d  t u t 
0 , t 0   

•The unit ramp function is the integral of the unit step function.
•It is called the unit ramp function because for positive t, its
slope is one amplitude unit per time.
Rectangular Pulse or Gate Function

1/ a , t  a / 2
Rectangular pulse,  a t  
0 , t a/2
Unit Impulse Function
As a approaches zero, g t  approaches a unit
step and gt  approaches a unit impulse

Functions that approach unit step and unit impulse

So unit impulse function is the derivative of the unit step


function or unit step is the integral of the unit impulse function
Representation of Impulse Function
The area under an impulse is called its strength or weight. It is
represented graphically by a vertical arrow. An impulse with a
strength of one is called a unit impulse.
Properties of the Impulse Function
The Sampling Property

g t  t  t dt g t 

0 0

The Scaling Property

1
 a t  t0    t  t0 
a
The Replication Property

g(t)⊗ δ(t) = g (t)


Unit Impulse Train
The unit impulse train is a sum of infinitely uniformly-
spaced impulses and is given by


 T t     t  nT  , n an integer
n  
The Unit Rectangle Function
The unit rectangle or gate signal can be represented as combination of two shifted unit step
signals as shown
The Unit Triangle Function
A triangular pulse whose height and area are both one but its base width is not, is called
unit triangle function. The unit triangle is related to the unit rectangle through an
operation called convolution.
Sinc Function

sin  t 
sinc t  
t
Discrete-Time Signals

• Sampling is the acquisition of the values of a


continuous-time signal at discrete points in time
• x(t) is a continuous-time signal, x[n] is a discrete-
time signal
x  n  x nTs  where Ts is the time between samples
Discrete Time Exponential and
Sinusoidal Signals
• DT signals can be defined in a manner analogous to their
continuous-time counter part
x[n] = A sin (2Пn/No+θ) Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signal
= A sin (2ПFon+ θ)
Discrete Time Exponential Signal
x[n] = a n

n = the discrete time


A = amplitude
θ = phase shifting radians,
No = Discrete Period of the wave
1/N0 = Fo = Ωo/2 П = Discrete Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals
Discrete Time Unit Step Function or Unit
Sequence Function
1 , n 0
u  n  
0 , n  0
Discrete Time Unit Ramp Function

n , n 0  n
ramp  n      u  m  1
0 , n  0  m 
Discrete Time Unit Impulse Function or
Unit Pulse Sequence
1 , n 0
  n  
0 , n 0

  n    an  for any non-zero, finite integer a.


Unit Pulse Sequence Contd.
• The discrete-time unit impulse is a function in the
ordinary sense in contrast with the continuous-time
unit impulse.
• It has a sampling property.
• It has no scaling property i.e.
δ[n]= δ[an] for any non-zero finite integer ‘a’

You might also like