ADVANCE JAVA PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 05

INTERACTING WITH DATABASE

The Objectives Of This Chapter Are:

To discuss database Handling in Java.

To discuss types of JDBC Drivers.
To discuss the JDBC Architectures .
To understand the Interfaces used for Database Handling.
To understand the essentials of Database Programs.
JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (JDBC)

 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API)

for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access any kind
of tabular data, especially relational database. It is part of Java Standard Edition
platform, from Oracle Corporation. It acts as a middle layer interface between java
applications and database.
 The JDBC classes are contained in the Java Package java.sql and javax.sql.
JDBC helps you to write Java applications that manage these three programming
activities:
JDBC Architecture

Two-Tier Model

In the two-tier model, a Java applet or application talks directly to the data source. This requires a JDBC
driver that can communicate with the particular data source being accessed. A user's commands are
delivered to the database or other data source, and the results of those statements are sent back to the user.
The data source may be located on another machine to which the user is connected via a network. This is
referred to as a client/server configuration, with the user's machine as the client, and the machine housing
the data source as the server. The network can be an intranet, which, for example, connects employees
within a corporation, or it can be the Internet.
 THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURE
Until recently, the middle tier has often been written in languages such as C or C++,
which offer fast performance. However, with the introduction of optimizing compilers
that translate Java bytecode into efficient machine-specific code and technologies such
as Enterprise JavaBeans™, the Java platform is fast becoming the standard platform for
middle-tier development. This is a big plus, making it possible to take advantage of
Java's robustness, multithreading, and security features.
What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API, for interacting with
your database server.

For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to
interact with it by sending SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.
The Java.sql package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their behaviours
defined and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party
vendors implements the java.sql.Driver interface in their database driver.
 JDBC Drivers
JDBC drivers are client-side adapters (installed on the client machine, not on
the server) that convert requests from Java programs to a protocol that the
DBMS can understand.

There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1.Type-1 driver or JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2.Type-2 driver or Native-API driver
3.Type-3 driver or Network Protocol driver
4.Type-4 driver or Thin driver
 Type-1 driver or JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

Type-1 driver or JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses

ODBC driver to connect to the database. The JDBC-ODBC
bridge driver converts JDBC method calls into the ODBC
function calls. Type-1 driver is also called Universal driver
because it can be used to connect to any of the databases.

• As a common driver is used in order to interact with

different databases, the data transferred through this
driver is not so secured.
• The ODBC bridge driver is needed to be installed in
individual client machines.
• Type-1 driver isn’t written in java, that’s why it isn’t a
portable driver.
• This driver software is built-in with JDK so no need to
install separately.
• It is a database independent driver.
Type-2 driverThe Native API driver

The Native API driver uses the client -side libraries of

the database. This driver converts JDBC method calls
into native calls of the database API. In order to
interact with different database, this driver needs their
local API, that’s why data transfer is much more
secure as compared to type-1 driver.

• Driver needs to be installed separately in

individual client machines
• The Vendor client library needs to be installed on
client machine.
• Type-2 driver isn’t written in java, that’s why it
isn’t a portable driver
• It is a database dependent driver.
Type-3 driver The Network Protocol driver
The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server)
that converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-
specific database protocol. Here all the database connectivity
drivers are present in a single server, hence no need of individual
client-side installation.

• Type-3 drivers are fully written in Java, hence they are portable
drivers.
• No client side library is required because of application server
that can perform many tasks like auditing, load balancing,
logging etc.
• Network support is required on client machine.
• Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly
because it requires database-specific coding to be done in the
middle tier.
• Switch facility to switch over from one database to another
database.
Type-4 driver

Type-4 driver is also called native protocol driver. This

driver interact directly with database. It does not require
any native database library, that is why it is also known as
Thin Driver.
• Does not require any native library and Middleware
server, so no client-side or server-side installation.
• It is fully written in Java language, hence they are
portable drivers.
CONNECTIVITY WITH DATABASE

 Step 1:Create the database file in Ms-Access

 Click on the Ms-Access in program menu select the “Blank Access Databse option”and enter
thee file name:My_Database.mdb
Step2:Create DSN For your database
1.Open the control panel from start->setting and double click on “Administrative tools” icons then
click on data source over there.

2.Once you double click the data source you will get following window
 Just click on system DSN tab and click on the add button.You will get the listing of various drivers
as follows.

 Select the Microsoft Access Driver(*.mdb)and then click on finish button you will get following
window which type the data dource name(DSN)as My_database write some descxription of your
database for description.Then click on the select button in order to select the database file for
corresponding DSN
 Then you will get following window in which you can locate your database file.

 3.Then click on OK button again click OK for two more times Thus the DSN created for your
database.
 Step3:You can now write a Java program and in this program you can connect with
the database.
DriverManager class
The DriverManager class acts as an interface between user and drivers. It keeps track of the
drivers that are available and handles establishing a connection between a database and the
appropriate driver. The DriverManager class maintains a list of Driver classes that have
registered themselves by calling the method DriverManager.registerDriver().
Method Description
1) public static void registerDriver(Driver is used to register the given driver with
driver): DriverManager.
2) public static void deregisterDriver(Driver is used to deregister the given driver (drop the
driver): driver from the list) with DriverManager.

3) public static Connection is used to establish the connection with the

getConnection(String url): specified url.
4) public static Connection is used to establish the connection with the
getConnection(String url,String specified url, username and password.
userName,String password):
Connection interface

A Connection is the session between java application and database. The Connection
interface is a factory of Statement, PreparedStatement, and DatabaseMetaData i.e.
object of Connection can be used to get the object of Statement and
DatabaseMetaData. The Connection interface provide many methods for
transaction management like commit(), rollback() etc.
1. public Statement createStatement(): creates a statement object that can be used
to execute SQL queries.
2. public void setAutoCommit(boolean status): is used to set the commit status. By
default it is true.
3. public void commit(): saves the changes made since the previous
commit/rollback permanent.
4. public void rollback(): Drops all changes made since the previous
commit/rollback.
5. public void close(): closes the connection and Releases a JDBC resources
immediately.
Statement interface

The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database.
The statement interface is a factory of ResultSet i.e. it provides factory method to
get the object of ResultSet.
Commonly used methods of Statement interface:
The important methods of Statement interface are as follows:

• public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql): is used to execute SELECT query.

It returns the object of ResultSet.
• public int executeUpdate(String sql): is used to execute specified query, it
may be create, drop, insert, update, delete etc.
• public boolean execute(String sql): is used to execute queries that may return
multiple results.
• public int[] executeBatch(): is used to execute batch of commands.
CREATION OF STATEMENT OBJECT

 The statement object can be created using the createStatement()method and using a call to close
method the statement object can be closed.
 JAVA CODE:-
 try{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.odbcDriver”);
Con=DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:My_database”,” “,” “);
Statement stat=con.createStatement();}
Catch(SQLException ex){}

Types of statement:-1.Prepared statement

2.Callable statement
1.Prepared statement

 The java.sql.PreparedStatement interface object represent a precompiled SQL

statement.
 This interface is used to efficiently execute SQL statements multiple times.That is
when we want to insert a record in a table by putting different values at runtime.
 This statement is derived from the statement class.
 The prepared statement interface can be created by calling
PreparedStatement()method.
 The prepared statement is available in java.sql.connection interface.
 The PreparedStatement() method takes SQL statement in java format.
 prepareStatement(“Insert into student values(?,?)”)
CALLABLE STATEMENT
 The Callable statement is used when we want to access the database stored
procedures The stored procedure is basically a block of code which is identified by
unique name
 Syntax for creating the procedure
 DELIMITER//
 CREATE PROCEDURE procedureName(parameters_list)
BEGIN
SQL Statements to be executed
END//
PREPAREDSTATEMENT INTERFACE
 The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to
execute parameterized query
Method Description
public void setInt(int paramIndex, sets the integer value to the given
int value) parameter index.
public void setString(int sets the String value to the given
paramIndex, String value) parameter index.
public void setFloat(int sets the float value to the given
paramIndex, float value) parameter index.
public void setDouble(int sets the double value to the given
paramIndex, double value) parameter index.
public int executeUpdate() executes the query. It is used for
create, drop, insert, update, delete etc.
public ResultSet executeQuery() executes the select query. It returns an
instance of ResultSet.
RESULTSET INTERFACE

 The ResultSet interface is an Important interface which is used to access the database
table with general width and unknown length.
 The table rows are retrived in sequence using Resultset OBJECT.within a row its
column values can be accesed in any order.
 A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data.Initially the cursor
is positioned before the first row.The ‘next’method moves the cursor to the next row.
 The Resultset object can be created using executeQuery()method.
 For example:-
 Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
 Resultset result=statement.executeQuery(“Select +from my_table”);
ResultSet interface
The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a row of a table. Initially, cursor
points to before the first row.
1) public boolean next(): is used to move the cursor to the one row next from the
current position.
2) public boolean previous(): is used to move the cursor to the one row previous from the
current position.
3) public boolean first(): is used to move the cursor to the first row in result set object.
4) public boolean last(): is used to move the cursor to the last row in result set object.
7) public int getInt(int is used to return the data of specified column index of the
columnIndex): current row as int.
8) public int getInt(String is used to return the data of specified column name of the
columnName): current row as int.
9) public String getString(int is used to return the data of specified column index of the
columnIndex): current row as String.
10) public String is used to return the data of specified column name of the
getString(String columnName): current row as String.