Chapter Three

Mobile Ad hoc and Wireless Sensor

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 Outline
• Introduction to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)
• Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

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 Introduction
• What if we don’t have the luxury of wireless
infrastructures?
– Inaccessible
– Expensive
• Can we use the capabilities of the wireless enabled
devices?
– Yes - Wireless Ad hoc Networks
• Ad hoc networks
– A decentralized infrastructure-less networks
– Two Types
• Mobile
– MANET
• Quasi Mobile
– WSN
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 Introduction to Mobile Ad hoc Networks
• Wikipedia Definition
(MANET)
– is a self-configuring infrastructureless network of mobile
devices connected by wireless means
• Self-creating, self-organizing and self-administering wireless
network
• Does not rely on a fixed infrastructure for its operation
• The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each
device to continuously maintain the information required to
properly route traffic
• Nodes are mobile, topology can be very dynamic.
• A MANET can be a standalone network or it can be
connected to external networks(Internet).
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 Characteristics of MANET
• Self-creation, self-organization and self administration
• Energy-constrained
– Devices that participate in the MANET are battery enabled
• Dynamic
– Any node is free to join or leave the network
– Dynamic topology
• Distributed
– No centralized administration
• Multi-hop environment
– Devices that are not in the transmission range of each other
can use intermediate nodes to communicate
• Autonomous and Infrastructure-less
• Device heterogeneity
• Fluctuating link capacity 6
 Issues in MANET
• Routing
– As Multi-hop network topology that can change frequently due
to mobility is the characteristics of MANET,
• Efficient routing protocols are needed
– Nodes are expected to behave as routers
– As routers, nodes must assist in discovery and maintenance of
network routes
• Service and Resource Discovery
– MANET nodes may have little or no knowledge at all about the
capabilities of, or services offered by, each other.
• Therefore, Service and Resource Discovery is an important aspect
of self-configurable networks.
• It Allows devices to automatically locate network services and to
advertise their own capabilities to the rest of the network
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 Issues in MANET
• Security and node cooperation
– the wireless medium is vulnerable to eavesdropping and ad
hoc network functionality is established through node
cooperation, mobile ad hoc networks are intrinsically exposed
to numerous security attacks.
– Securing ad hoc networks against malicious attacks is difficult
to achieve.
– Preventive mechanisms include among others authentication
of message sources, data integrity and protection of message
sequencing, and are typically based on key-based
cryptography.

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 Application of MANET
• Useful when infrastructure not available, impractical, or
expensive
• Military Operation

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 Application of MANET
• Emergency operations
– search-and-rescue
– policing and fire fighting
– Disaster recovery
– Replacement of fixed infrastructure in case of environmental
disasters
– Supporting doctors and nurses in hospitals
• Home and enterprise networking
– Home/office wireless networking
– Conferences, meeting rooms
– Personal area networks (PAN), Personal networks (PN)
– Networks at construction sites

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 Application of MANET
• Commercial and civilian environments
– E-commerce: electronic payments anytime and anywhere
– Business: dynamic database access, mobile offices
– Vehicular services: road or accident guidance, transmission of
road and weather conditions, taxi cab network, inter-vehicle
networks
– Sports stadiums, trade fairs, shopping malls
– Networks of visitors at airports
• Education
– Universities and campus settings
– Virtual classrooms
– Ad hoc communications during meetings or lectures

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• References
– http://www-di.inf.puc-rio.br/~endler/courses/Mobile/papers
/MANET-Challenges.pdf
– http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1003/1003.3565.pdf

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 Outline
• Introduction to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)
• Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

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 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
• Wireless Sensor networks (WSN)
– Highly distributed networks of small, lightweight wireless
sensor nodes, deployed in large numbers to monitor the
environment or system
• Each node of the sensor networks consist of three
subsystem:
– Sensor subsystem: senses the environment
– Processing subsystem: performs local computations on
the sensed data
– Communication subsystem: responsible for message
exchange with neighboring sensor nodes

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 Wireless Sensor Network Model
• A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands
of low-cost nodes,
– which could either have a fixed location or be randomly deployed
to monitor the environment
• Sensors usually communicate with each other using a multi
hop approach
• The flow of data ends at special nodes called base stations
(sometimes they are referred to as sinks)
• A base station links the sensor network to another network
(like a gateway) to disseminate the data sensed for further
processing.
• base stations have workstation/laptop class processors, and of
course enough memory, energy, storage, and computational
power to perform their tasks well.
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 Wireless Sensor Network Model
• One of the biggest problems of sensor networks is power
consumption, which is greatly affected by communication
between nodes.
• Solution:
– Aggregation points: - reduces the total number of messages
exchanged between nodes and saves some energy
• are regular nodes that receive data from neighboring nodes,
perform some kind of processing, and then forward the filtered
data to the next hop.
– Clustering: - Sensor nodes are organized into clusters, each
cluster having a “cluster head” as the leader.
• The communication within a cluster must travel through the cluster
head, which is then forwarded to a neighboring cluster head until it
reaches its destination, the base station.
– set the nodes to go idle (into sleep mode) if they are not needed,
and wake up when required. 16
Wireless sensor network.

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 Devices in WSN
• Sensor nodes
– Low cost devices
– Resource restricted
– Intermediary processing
– Short range communication
– Acquisition of sensory data
• Sink
– Smarter sensor node
– Information routing
– Information filtering
• Gateway
– Provide an interface to
applications

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 WSN
• The design of the sensor network is influenced by many
factors, including
– fault tolerance,
– scalability,
– production costs,
– operating environment,
– sensor network topology,
– hardware constraints,
– transmission media, and
– power consumption.

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 WSN
• The advantage of sensor networks
– Robust : a large number of sensors
– Reliable :
– Accurate :
– Fault-tolerant : many nodes are sensing the same event
• Two important operations in a sensor networks
– Data dissemination : the propagation of data/queries
throughout the network
– Data gathering : the collection of observed data from the
individual sensor nodes to a sink
• The different types of sensors
– Seismic, thermal, visual, infrared

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 Comparison with MANET
• Difference from Ad Hoc wireless networks
– The number of nodes in sensor network can be
several orders of magnitude larger than the number
of nodes in an ad hoc network
– Sensor nodes are more easy to failure and energy
drain, and their battery sources are usually not
replaceable or rechargeable
– The topology of a wireless sensor network changes
very frequently.
– Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communication
paradigms whereas most traditional ad hoc networks
are based on point-to-point communications.
– Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational 22
– Sensor nodes may not have unique global identifiers (ID), so
unique addressing is not always feasible in sensor networks
– Sensor networks are data-centric, the queries in sensor
networks are addressed to nodes which have data satisfying
some conditions.
• Ad Hoc networks are address-centric, with queries addressed to
particular nodes specified by their unique address
– Data fusion/aggregation: the sensor nodes aggregate the local
information before relaying. The goals are:
• reduce bandwidth consumption,
• media access delay, and
• power consumption for communication

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 Issues and Challenges in WSN
• Issues and Challenges
– Energy problem
• Hardware and software should be designed to conserve power
– Decentralized management
• Sensor networks are infrastructure-less. Therefore, all routing and
maintenance algorithms need to be distributed
– Sensor nodes should be able to synchronize with each other in
a completely distributed manner
– Design Constraints
• Goal of wireless sensor design is to create smaller, cheaper, and
more efficient devices

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– Self Management
• Should be capable of adapting to changing connectivity due
to the failure of nodes, or new nodes powering up.
• The routing protocols should be able to dynamically include
or avoid sensor nodes in their paths
– Ad hoc deployment and unattended operation
• Sensor nodes are randomly deployed and hence do not fit
into any regular topology.
• Once deployed, they usually do not require any human
intervention.
• Hence, the setup and maintenance of the network should
be entirely autonomous
– Real-time communication over sensor networks must
be supported through provision of guarantees on
maximum delay, minimum bandwidth, or other QoS
parameters 25
 Applications of Sensor Networks
• Using in military
– Battlefield surveillance and monitoring, guidance systems of
intelligent missiles, detection of attack by weapons of mass
destruction such as chemical, biological, or nuclear
• Using in health
– Monitor the patient’s heart rate or blood pressure, and sent
regularly to alert the concerned doctor, provide patients a
greater freedom of movement
• Environmental observations.
– Wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor environmental
changes. E.g. Water Pollution detection in a lake, air pollution

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 Applications of Sensor Networks
• Building monitoring
– Wireless sensor networks can also be used in large buildings or
factories to monitor climate changes. E.g. Temperature sensor,
monitor vibration
• Using in home (smart home)
– Sensor node can built into appliances at home, such as ovens,
refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners, which enable them to
interact with each other and be remote-controlled
• Using in warehouse
– Improve their inventory control system by installing sensors on
the products to track their movement

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• Reference
• Wiley, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks:
Theory and Practice. 1st Edition.
– Ch 1, 2
• Vijay Grag, Wireless Communication and Networking
– Ch 20

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