INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURES-I
CONTENT
STRESS-STRAIN
• DIRECT STRESS
When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms.
The way in which the body deforms depends upon the type
of force applied to it.
FORMULATION
Force F
Stress
Area A
DIRECT STRAIN
• On Every Structure a force F produces a
deformation x. In engineering, we usually Term
this force as stress and the deformation as
strain and we define these as follows:
• Strain is the deformation per unit of the original
length x
Strain
L
• Strain has no unit’s since it is a ratio of length to length.
HOOK’S LAW
• Hooke’s law states that: “ When a body is
loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain developed” or “Within the
elastic limit the ratio of stress applied to strain
developed is a constant”
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
STRAIN-ENERGY
A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly
increasing load
• The elementary work done by the load P as the
rod elongates by a small dx is
dU P dx elementary work
• which is equal to the area of width dx under the
load-deformation diagram.
• The total work done by the load for a
deformationx x1,
1
U P dx total work strain energy
0
• In the case of a linear elastic deformation,
x1
U kx dx 12 kx12 12 P1x1
0
• The strain energy density resulting from setting R is
the modulus of toughness.
• The energy per unit volume required to cause the material
to rupture is related to its ductility as well as its ultimate
strength.
• If the stress remains within the proportional limit,
1
E12 12
u E x d x
0 2 2E
• The strain energy density resulting from setting
Y is the modulus of resilience.
Y2
uY modulus of resilience
2E
DIFFERENT FORMS OF
STRUCTURE
• Beams
• Columns
• Frames
• Trusses
• Arches
• Cables
• Tie Memebers
INTRODUCTIONS TO BEAMS
• Beam is a Structural Member Subjected to
Lateral Loads-forces or Moments acting
Perpendicular to the Axis of the Bar.
TYPES OF BEAMS
• Simply Supported Beams
• Cantilever Beams
• Over hanged Beams
• Continuous Beams
• Propped Cantilever Beams
• Fixed Beams
DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF
STRUCTURES
• A structure is statically determinate when
the equilibrium equations can be utilized to
determine all the forces in the structure.
∑ H = 0, ∑ V = 0 and ∑ M = 0
FORMULATIONS
• A structure is statically indeterminate when
there are more unknown forces than available
equilibrium equations. The additional equations
needed to solve for the unknown reactions.
No. of reactions possible = 5
No. of Equations of equilibrium available = 3
Degree of External indeterminacy = 5 − 3 = 2
