•IPv4 Addressing

•IPv4 Address Structure

IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion and a
host portion.

• When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the 32-bit
stream.
• A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions.
IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is compared to
the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process used to

identify the network and host
portions is called ANDing.
IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
• A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.

Subnet Mask 32-bit Address Prefix

• The prefix length is the number of Length

bits set to 1 in the subnet mask. 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8

255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16

• It is written in “slash notation” 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24
therefore, count the number of
bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25

prepend it with a slash. 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26

255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27

255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28

255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29

255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30

IPv4 Address Structure
Determining the Network: Logical AND
• A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.
• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and
any other combination results in a 0.
• 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
• 1 = True and 0 = False

• To identify the network address, the

host IPv4 address is logically ANDed, bit
by bit, with the subnet mask to identify
the network address.
IPv4 Address Structure
Video – Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses
This video will cover the following:
• Network address
• Broadcast Address
• First usable host
• Last usable host
IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
• Within each network are three types of IP addresses:
• Network address
• Host addresses
• Broadcast address

Network Portion Host Portion Host Bits

Subnet mask 255 255 255 0

255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network address 192 168 10 0
All 0s
192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000
First address 192 168 10 1
All 0s and a 1
192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001
Last address 192 168 10 254
All 1s and a 0
192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110
Broadcast address 192 168 10 255
All 1s
192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and
Multicast
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast
• Unicast transmission is sending a packet to one destination IP address.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a unicast packet to the printer at 172.16.4.253.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast
• Broadcast transmission is sending a packet to all other destination IP addresses.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a broadcast packet to all IPv4 hosts.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast
• Multicast transmission is sending a packet to a multicast address group.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a multicast packet to the multicast group address
224.10.10.5.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• As defined in in RFC 1918, public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between internet service
provider (ISP) routers.

• Private addresses are common blocks of Network Address RFC 1918 Private Address Range
and Prefix
addresses used by most organizations to
assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

• Private IPv4 addresses are not unique and
192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
can be used internally within any network.

• However, private addresses are not globally routable.

Types of IPv4 Addresses
Routing to the Internet
• Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4 addresses.

• NAT is typically enabled on

the edge router connecting
to the internet.

• It translates the internal

private address to a public
global IP address.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
Loopback addresses
• 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
• Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
• Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

Link-Local addresses
• 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
• Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self-assigned
addresses.
• Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are available.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing
RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses in
classes
• Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
• Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
• Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
• Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0)
• Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0)

• Classful addressing wasted many IPv4 addresses.

Classful address allocation was replaced with classless

addressing which ignores the rules of classes (A, B, C).
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Assignment of IP Addresses
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).

• RIRs
• The Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC).
• The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN).
• The European Network Information Center (RIPE NCC).
• The Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Center (LACNIC).
• The Africa Network Information Center (AfriNIC).

• RIRs are responsible for allocating IP addresses to

ISPs who provide IPv4 address blocks to smaller
ISPs and organizations.
Network Segmentation
Network Segmentation
Broadcast Domains and Segmentation
• Many protocols use broadcasts or multicasts (e.g., ARP use broadcasts to locate other
devices, hosts send DHCP discover broadcasts to locate a DHCP server.)
• Switches propagate broadcasts out all interfaces except the interface on which it was
received.

• The only device that stops

broadcasts is a router.
• Routers do not propagate
broadcasts.
• Each router interface connects to
a broadcast domain and
broadcasts are only propagated
within that specific broadcast
domain.
Network Segmentation
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
• A problem with a large broadcast domain is that
these hosts can generate excessive broadcasts and
negatively affect the network.

• The solution is to reduce the size of the network to

create smaller broadcast domains in a process
called subnetting.

• Dividing the network address 172.16.0.0 /16 into

two subnets of 200 users each: 172.16.0.0 /24 and
172.16.1.0 /24.
• Broadcasts are only propagated within the smaller
broadcast domains.
Network Segmentation
Reasons for Segmenting Networks
• Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.
• It can be used to implement security policies between subnets.
• Subnetting reduces the number of devices affected by abnormal broadcast traffic.

• Subnets are used for a variety of reasons including by:

Location Group or Function Device Type

Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet on an Octet Boundary
• Networks are most easily subnetted at the octet boundary of /8, /16, and /24.

• Notice that using longer prefix lengths decreases the number of hosts per subnet.

Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary (n = network, h = host) # of hosts

nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/8 255.0.0.0 16,777,214
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/16 255.255.0.0 65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh
/24 255.255.255.0 254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet on an Octet Boundary (Cont.)
• In the first table 10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted using /16 and in the second table, a /24 mask.
Subnet Address Host Range Subnet Address
(256 Possible (65,534 possible hosts per Broadcast (65,536 Possible Host Range Broadcast
Subnets) subnet) Subnets) (254 possible hosts per subnet)

10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255 10.0.0.0/24 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.255

10.1.0.0/16 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.255.254 10.1.255.255 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 - 10.0.1.254 10.0.1.255

10.2.0.0/16 10.2.0.1 - 10.2.255.254 10.2.255.255 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.1 - 10.0.2.254 10.0.2.255

… … …
10.3.0.0/16 10.3.0.1 - 10.3.255.254 10.3.255.255
10.0.255.0/24 10.0.255.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255
10.4.0.0/16 10.4.0.1 - 10.4.255.254 10.4.255.255
10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.0.254 10.1.0.255
10.5.0.0/16 10.5.0.1 - 10.5.255.254 10.5.255.255 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 - 10.1.1.254 10.1.1.255
10.6.0.0/16 10.6.0.1 - 10.6.255.254 10.6.255.255 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.1 - 10.1.2.254 10.1.2.255

10.7.0.0/16 10.7.0.1 - 10.7.255.254 10.7.255.255 … … …

10.100.0.0/24 10.100.0.1 - 10.100.0.254 10.100.0.255
... ... ...
... ... ...
10.255.0.0/16 10.255.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255
10.255.255.0/24 10.255.255.1 - 10.2255.255.254 10.255.255.255
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet within an Octet Boundary
• Refer to the table to see six ways to subnet a /24 network.

Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary # of subnets # of hosts

(n = network, h = host)
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 2 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 4 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 8 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Subnet a Slash 16 and a
Slash 8 Prefix
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Create Subnets with a Slash 16 prefix Prefix Length Subnet Mask Network Address (n = network, h = host) # of subnets # of hosts
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/17 255.255.128.0 2 32766
• The table highlights all the 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
possible scenarios for /18 255.255.192.0
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
4 16382

subnetting a /16 prefix. /19 255.255.224.0

nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
8 8190

nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/20 255.255.240.0 16 4094
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh.hhhhhhhh
/21 255.255.248.0 32 2046
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh.hhhhhhhh
/22 255.255.252.0 64 1022
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnh.hhhhhhhh
/23 255.255.254.0 128 510
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh
/24 255.255.255.0 256 254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 512 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 1024 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 2048 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 4096 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 8192 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 16384 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Create 100 Subnets with a Slash 16 prefix
Consider a large enterprise that requires at least 100 subnets
and has chosen the private address 172.16.0.0/16 as its
internal network address.

• The figure displays the number of subnets that can be

created when borrowing bits from the third octet and the
fourth octet.
• Notice there are now up to 14 host bits that can be
borrowed (i.e., last two bits cannot be borrowed).

To satisfy the requirement of 100 subnets for the enterprise, 7

bits (i.e., 27 = 128 subnets) would need to be borrowed (for a
total of 128 subnets).
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Create 1000 Subnets with a Slash 8 prefix
Consider a small ISP that requires 1000 subnets for its
clients using network address 10.0.0.0/8 which means
there are 8 bits in the network portion and 24 host bits
available to borrow toward subnetting.
• The figure displays the number of subnets that can be
created when borrowing bits from the second and third.
• Notice there are now up to 22 host bits that can be
borrowed (i.e., last two bits cannot be borrowed).

To satisfy the requirement of 1000 subnets for the

enterprise, 10 bits (i.e., 210=1024 subnets) would need to
be borrowed (for a total of 1024 subnets)
Subnet to Meet
Requirements
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Subnet Private versus Public IPv4 Address Space
Enterprise networks will have an:
• Intranet - A company’s internal network typically
using private IPv4 addresses.
• DMZ – A companies internet facing servers. Devices in
the DMZ use public IPv4 addresses.

• A company could use the 10.0.0.0/8 and subnet on

the /16 or /24 network boundary.

• The DMZ devices would have to be configured with

public IP addresses.
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Minimize Unused Host IPv4 Addresses and Maximize Subnets

There are two considerations when planning subnets:

• The number of host addresses required for each network
• The number of individual subnets needed

Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary # of subnets # of hosts

(n = network, h = host)
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 2 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 4 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 8 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Example: Efficient IPv4 Subnetting
• In this example, corporate headquarters has been
allocated a public network address of
172.16.0.0/22 (10 host bits) by its ISP providing
1,022 host addresses.

• There are five sites and therefore five internet

connections which means the organization
requires 10 subnets with the largest subnet
requires 40 addresses.

• It allocated 10 subnets with a /26 (i.e.,

255.255.255.192) subnet mask.
VLSM
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation
Given the topology, 7 subnets are required (i.e, four LANs and three WAN links) and the largest
number of host is in Building D with 28 hosts.

• A /27 mask would provide 8 subnets of 30 host IP addresses and therefore support this
topology.
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation (Cont.)
However, the point-to-point WAN links only require two addresses and
therefore waste 28 addresses each for a total of 84 unused addresses.

• Applying a traditional subnetting scheme to this scenario is not very efficient and is wasteful.

• VLSM was developed to avoid wasting addresses by enabling us to subnet a subnet.

VLSM
VLSM
• The left side displays the traditional subnetting scheme (i.e.,
the same subnet mask) while the right side illustrates how
VLSM can be used to subnet a subnet and divided the last
subnet into eight /30 subnets.

• When using VLSM, always begin by satisfying the host

requirements of the largest subnet and continue subnetting
until the host requirements of the smallest subnet are
satisfied.

• The resulting topology with VLSM applied.

VLSM
VLSM Topology Address Assignment
• Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and inter-router networks can be addressed without
unnecessary waste as shown in the logical topology diagram.
Structured Design
Structured Design
IPv4 Network Address Planning
IP network planning is crucial to develop a scalable solution to an enterprise network.
• To develop an IPv4 network wide addressing scheme, you need to know how many subnets are needed,
how many hosts a particular subnet requires, what devices are part of the subnet, which parts of your
network use private addresses, and which use public, and many other determining factors.

Examine the needs of an organization’s network usage and how the subnets will be structured.
• Perform a network requirement study by looking at the entire network to determining how each area will
be segmented.
• Determine how many subnets are needed and how many hosts per subnet.
• Determine DHCP address pools and Layer 2 VLAN pools.
Structured Design
Device Address Assignment
Within a network, there are different types of devices that require addresses:
• End user clients – Most use DHCP to reduce errors and burden on network support staff. IPv6 clients can
obtain address information using DHCPv6 or SLAAC.
• Servers and peripherals – These should have a predictable static IP address.
• Servers that are accessible from the internet – Servers must have a public IPv4 address, most often
accessed using NAT.
• Intermediary devices – Devices are assigned addresses for network management, monitoring, and security.
• Gateway – Routers and firewall devices are gateway for the hosts in that network.

When developing an IP addressing scheme, it is generally recommended that you have a set
pattern of how addresses are allocated to each type of device.