What are
around me??
NOW FILL IN THE TABLE! (10D)
Chemicals Chemicals Chemicals Chemicals Chemicals
used as used as used for used as for other
food preservativ cleaning pesticides purposes
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MATERIALS/
CHEMICALS USED IN
DAILY LIFE
The branch of Chemistry in which we study about the different aspects of
transformation of matter to manufacture materials useful to mankind
through chemical processes is called industrial chemistry.
A) FOOD PRESERVATIVES:
Substances used to protect food from decaying preserve their nutrients is
called food preservatives.
They check the growth of bacteria, yeast and molds in the foodstuffs.
Classes of food preservatives:
i) First Class preservative:
Belong to natural sources and can be used in necessary amount in food.
e.g. sugar, salt, honey, vinegar, spices, edible oils.(10D)
ii) Second Class Preservatives:
They are obtained by chemical derivation of compounds.
Can be used in certain amount or limited amount only.
Should not use more than one type of second class preservatives in any
food.
e.g. sodium or potassium nitrates, benzoic acids and its salts, sulphur
dioxide
TYPES OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES
1) Chemical food preservative: (10A)
Salt, sugar and oil are the chemicals which control the growth of micro
organisms e.g. in pickles, jams etc.
Sodium benzoate, sorbate, sulphur dioxide, nitrates and nitrites, butylated
hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), calcium
propionate, sodium metasulphate are also used as food preservatives.
2) Natural food preservative:
Come from organic matter and they prevent food materials from decaying.
Can get food preservatives from plants, animals, fungi and algae. (10B)
Natural food preservative
(Contd..)
Examples of natural food preservation: use of mugwort (Titepati), neem
oil, lemon concentrate (chuk) (10F)
Some traditional methods of food preservations are:
• Drying in sun
• Keeping in cold places or above water
• Use of wood ash
• Mixing of turmeric or oil
All of these methods control the elements required for the Titepati
(Mugwort)
growth of microbes and preserve food materials.
3. Artificial/Induced ripening
food preservatives
Chemicals used for the fast ripening of fruits are called ripening agents.
e.g. Calcium carbide (CaC2), ethylene gas, ethephon
Fruits like mango, banana take a long time to ripen after maturation.
CaC2
Some traditional ways of ripening of fruits:
• Wrapping fruits in a jute sac, using Asuro (Malabar nuts) leaves, keeping the
sac of fruits inside a pit and covering with the soil from the top, wrapping them
inside a thick layer of husk or hay.
Calcium carbide is easier and cheaper method for
ripening. So it is excessively used. Different health problems
like skin and eye irritation, skin burning, red blisters in skin, lung
effusion(filled with water) etc.
So these chemicals should not be used in excess.
Asuro (Malabar nuts)
B. CHEMICALS USED IN
CLEANSING
1) Natural materials used in cleansing :
Reetha (Soap berry), mustard seed cake (peena), wood ash, lemon juice,
sajiban are natural materials for cleaning purposes.
i) Reetha (Soapberry) :
Contains saponin which acts as a foaming agent(powdered
form) in shampoo and can be considered as a soft natural soap
Has been used for centuries to clean our body and wash
clothes.
Used to make Ayurvedic medicine; traditional medicinal tree
found in Nepal, India and China.
ii) Peena (Mustard seed cake):
used to wash hair and make it soft, strong and
healthy.
consists of necessary nutrients for healthy growth
of hair as it consists of B-complex vitamins Thiamin (B1),
Niacin(B3), Pyridoxine(B6) and folate(B9).
can control hair fall to a larger extent. (10E)
iii) Wood ash:
Can be used for cleaning purpose.
Can be mixed with water to form a paste which can be used as a
abrasive cleaner.
Can brighten metals and can clean dirty utensils.
Even removes sticky residue and adhesive.
Also a good source of potassium, phosphorus and magnesium for plants
which can be used as a source of fertilizer.
iv) Sajiban:
Animals do not eat this plant, so it
can be used as a fence in our fields.
Good source of nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium. So, Its leaves are used to
make compost manure/organic fertilizer
and its juice is used to cure the burns.
It can be used to as an anticancer
medicine and its twigs can be used for brushing teeth.
v) Lemon juice:
Consists of citric acid in high concentration.
Good natural cleaner due to low pH values and antibacterial properties.
Works as a natural bleach.
Has a good smell and does not destroy materials like wood and clothes
when used to clean them.
Also cleans copper surfaces efficiently and make them shiny.
Has been used a medicine for decades.
2) Chemicals used in cleansing:
i) Soap:
Sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid is called soap.
Raw material: Animal fat or vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and sodium
chloride
The process of preparing soap by hydrolysis of animal fats or vegetable oil with
alkali is called saponification.
Produces insoluble scum with hard water so it is not an efficient cleaner in hard
water.
It is bio degradable, so it doesn’t cause chemical pollution.
e.g. sodium stearate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate etc.
How is soap prepared?
1. Soap is prepared by heating vegetable oil or fat with sodium hydroxide.
2. The mixture of about 40 ml of vegetable oil (olive) and NaOH solution (15gm of NaOH in 50
ml of water) is heated in a beaker with continuous stirring until a thick paste is formed.
3. Then, little NaCl is added to the mixture to cause the separation of soap. NaCl decreases
the solubility of soap, which separates it from the mixture and starts floating on the
surface.
4. Soap is separated by filtering the mixture by using a filter paper. For making soap hard,
sodium carbonate or starch is added to it. Then it is poured into moulds to get the soap
cakes. Various perfumes, colours, disinfectants, antiseptics and bleaching materials are
also used in making soap. These materials make it suitable for specific uses. Finally, soap
and glycerin are formed.
C3H5(OOCR)3 +3NaOH 3NaOOCR + C3H5(OH)3
where, R is alkyl radical (R=C17H35)
ii) DETERGENTS: (10E)
is a chemical obtained form hydrocarbons which is more
soluble in water than soap, used to clean clothes.
can be used in hard water as well.
is known as Soapless Soap as it cleans clothes like soap however, its
chemical nature is different than that of the soap.
they contain some harmful chemicals which are non-biodegradable or
they cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms. They harm the plants
when absorbed and cause chemical pollution.
e. g. sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium pyrophosphate, alkyl benzene
sulphonate
Soap Detergent
Sodium and potassium salt of fatty Synthetic petrochemical obtained from
acid is hydrocarbon which is more soluble than
called soap. soap is called detergent.
It is biodegradable. e.g. sodium It is non-biodegradable. e. g. sodium lauryl
stearate, sulphate, sodium pyrophosphate, alkyl
sodium oleate, sodium palmitate etc. benzene sulphonate etc.
It has comparatively weak cleansing It has comparatively strong cleansing action
action as it is less soluble in hard as it is more soluble in hard water.
water.
C. Chemical Pesticides
Poisonous substances used to remove, destroy, kill or control harmful pests from
seeds, plants, trees, birds, animals and humans and construction areas
According to ‘Pesticide Management Act, 2076’, pesticide means any
organic, vegetation, biological and chemical material which is used to protect the
plants, agricultural products, forest and forest products, living beings, livestock,
human health, storage and packaging, and construction works from any harmful
diseases, insect, rodents, mites, nematodes and weed grass.
The average use of pesticides in our country is 396 grams per hectare. About
80% of the used pesticides get mixed to the soil which takes a long time to get
diffused. Thus microorganisms of the soil are destroyed and there is high risk of
pollution of surface & underground sources of water.
TYPES OF PESTICIDES
A) On the basis of effect on the environment:
a) Environmentally biodegradable or non persistent:
Can be broken down into harmless compounds by microbes or other living
organisms within a shorter period of time when they come in contact with
water, air, light or heat.
e.g. dimethoate (Rogor, Nagor, dimet), Malathion etc.
b) Environmentally non-biodegradable or persistent:
Don’t easily degrade in the environment and remain in our food chain for a
long time.
Their export, import and use are banned in most of the countries including
Nepal e.g. DDT, Aldrin etc.
B) On the basis of pests they
affect/target organisms:
i) Insecticides:
used to kill harmful insects
E.g. Malathion, parathion, carbamate, BHC(Benzene hexa chloride),
cypermethrin, deltamethrin etc.
ii) Fungicides:
Used to kill fungi and the diseases caused due to them
Dimethomorph, sectin, mancozeb, carbendazim etc.
iii) Herbicides:
Used to destroy or control unwanted herbs or plants in crop fields
E.g. butachlor, atrazine, isoproturon etc.
iv) Rodenticides:
Used to kill rats and rodents like mice, squirrels, hamsters, porcupines
E.g. zinc phosphide, bromadiolone, bromethalin, anticoagulants etc.
v) Miticides:
Used to kill mites
E.g. bifenazate, fenpyroximate, fenazaquin, propargite etc.
C) On the basis of mode of
action
i) Contact pesticides:
kill pests like aphids, larva, white house fly, etc. when their body comes in direct
contact with these pesticides.
E.g. Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, etc.
ii) Internal pesticides:
When the pests consume the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants with these
pesticides, then they are killed due to the effect of poison.
Malathion, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, etc.
iii) Systemic pesticides:
The parts of plants like roots, leaves, etc. absorb the pesticides due to which the plant itself
becomes poisonous.
So when insects suck its juice or eat the plant part, they are also killed.
used to kill aphids, larva, white house fly, leaf miner, stem borer
E.g. Thiamethoxam, Dinotefuran, etc.
iv) Fumigants pesticides:
produce poisonous gases or fumes when they come in contact with air due to which pests are
killed.
used to kill pests during the storage of agricultural products.
E.g. Aluminium phosphide, Methyl bromide, etc.
Safety precautions in use &
storage of Pesticides
1. Only the pesticides permitted by 'Pesticides Management Act, 2076' must be imported,
produced, traded, or used.
2. The pesticides should be bought under the suggestion of agricultural technicians only.
Similarly, the remaining pesticides after use must be stored and managed in a safe place.
3. The labels of pesticides must be clear and intact.
4. Pesticides should not be stored in the places where children could easily reach or near the
food storage.
5. The pesticides must be stored in an airtight container with no leakage.
6. The instructions given in the label should be read and followed strictly.
7. Protective suits which cover the whole body, along with masks to cover nose and mouth,
goggles to cover eyes and the gloves should be used.
8. We should wash our hands and take a bath immediately after spraying the pesticides.
9. The vegetables, fruits and crops should not be sold or consumed immediately after
using pesticides.
10. We should not forget the saying that "all pesticides are poisons, they are not
medicines“ .
Chemical pollution:
The environmental degradation caused by the improper and unscientific use of the chemical
substances in our daily life is called chemical pollution,
Causes of Chemical pollution:
i) Excessive and unscientific use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. These chemicals cause
water, air and soil pollution. e.g. DDT. Most of them are non-biodegradable, so their effect
remains for a long time.
ii) Nitrogenous fertilizers, when washed by rainwater, reach the water body. Due to the presence
of nitrogen element, aquatic plants develop more rapidly and reduce oxygen concentration of
water. Thus, aquatic animals die due to more BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value.
ii) Improper disposal of refuses, waste materials and plastics.
iii) Emission of smoke from vehicles and factories.
iv) The use of non-edible colors in food stuffs may cause cancers. To attract customers,
different type colors are used in foodstuffs. All the colors are made from chemical
compounds. Most of these compounds harm our health directly or indirectly and cause
short-term long-term effects.
v) Dyes like peroxide, hypo chloride, sodium hydroxide and other bleaching agents,
which are released from different industries like leather, textile, carpet, etc. also cause
chemical pollution. They destroy the natural quality composition of water.
vi) The harmful chemicals of synthetic cleansers, detergent are non-biodegradable when
remains in water for a long time and makes water unsuitable for drinking.
Control measures:
i)Use natural pesticides and organic fertilizer as far as possible. Chemical fertilizers and
pesticides should be used only as suggested by the agriculture expert.
ii) The hazardous gas should not be allowed to spread in the atmosphere.
iii) The tendency of disposing wastes by using plastic bags can be avoided. Bags of the
materials can be brought in to practice instead of plastic bags.
iv) Don't use colouring materials in foodstuffs.
v) Cement sacs should be tied and covered properly to prevent the dust blow.
vi) The waste water after the use of soap and detergent should not be directly mixed to
water sources or agricultural land but should be collected in separate places.
