Fundamental : An Introduction

Kundan Kumar
City Sahibganj
6200390793

[email protected]
www.computerscienceexpertise.com

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 COMPUTER
The word “ COMPUTER “ comes from
the word “ COMPUTE ” WHICH
exactly means to calculate .

C= CALCULATE O= OPERATE
M=MEMORIZE P= PRINT
U=UPDATE T= TABULATE
E= EDITING R= RESPONSE 2
3
 What is the Full Form of
Computer?
• The Full-Form of computer is Commonly
Operated Machine Particular Used For Trade
Education Research.

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What is computer ?
Computer is an electronic device
that accepts data as its input,
process it by doing same kinds of
manipulation and produces the
desired results as the output.
Technically, a computer
may be defined as a high speed
data processing machine..hh
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Computer is an electronic
machine by which, we can
perform arithmetic and logical
problems. It works just like a
human brain but it never feel
tired.
Arithmetic problem :-A
problem which is related to
arithmetic or numeric is called
arithmetic problem. 6
Eg. :- 0-9,+,-,*,/. etc.
Logical problem :- it is a
conditional problem where it
works upon the special condition
just as
LIST FOR AGE>60
> , < , >= , <= ,<>,= CONDITION

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Computer is an electronic
device which works upon data
according to given instruction
and gives us the desired
result.
Data :- data is a raw material
which becomes information
after proper processing.
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Eg. - Data is the name given to
basic facts and entities such as
name and numbers. Goods
names, date, weights, prices,
costs, numbers of items sold,
employees name, address,
text code, registration, marks
etc.
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10
Information :- ( Results )
Information is defined as
processed data.
Eg :- 4 , Total salary and
Like 50 student is data and
highest or lowest marks is
information
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 Computer System
A computer also known as
computer system works for
a common objective of data
processing . It is consist of
the following elements.
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

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Hardware :- The physical components
of a computer system which can be
seen from outside The components are
mechanical devices like
keyboard ,printer , mouse, monitor, CPU
box etc.

Software :- Software is the collection

of computer programs and the program
is a collection of instruction which
performs a specific task( turn your back13
People :- The personnel who operate
the computer hardware and develop the
software.

program :- Program is a collection

of sequential instruction including being
and end written in any computer
programming language and used to
perform any task in the computer
system.
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programming :- The process
concepts or techniques of writing
of a program can be said to as
programming.

programmer :- A person who

is ingested in the job of writing of
a program is called as
programmer.
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Operating system :- Operating system are those
set of program which controls the hardware so
that user can interact hardware that is without any
operating system we are not allowed to use the
computer.

There are two type of operating system

1. CUI (character user interface) OR
(command user interface)
ex. MS-DOS, LINUX, UNIX.
2.GUI (graphical user interface ) ex. WINDOWS
98, 98se, 2000, xp, xp media centre ,Vista,
Win -7, Win-8, Win -8.1, Win-10 , Win-11 etc. 16
 INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Information is a vital resource in
devlopment activities of any society. All
our economic and social progress
depends very significantly in the transfer
of commercial ,scientific and technical
information.People in different situations
require information on a subject in
different forms and with different
emphasis. 17
Information is obtained through
processing of data. The storage,
retrieval and processing of data become
the essential resource for all economic
and social exchanges.

Data is the recording of any meaning full

event in any understandable form. The
methods used to collect and store the
data, process the data into information
and communicate the information all
over the world is information technology.
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 ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
OR
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
1. SPEED
2. ACCURACY
3. STORAGE
4. VERSATILITY
5. DILIGENCE
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 SPEED
COMPUTER HAS TREMENDOUS
PROCESSING SPEED. MANY SPECIAL
UNITS ARE USED TO MEASURE THE
COMPUTER’S SPEED.
eg.MILI SECOND (MS) = ONE THOUSAND OF A
SECOND
MICRO SECOND (US) = ONE MILLION OF A SECOND
NANO SECOND (NS) = ONE BILLION OF A SECOND
PICO SECOND (PS) = ONE TRILLION OFA SECOND
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 ACCURACY
COMPUTER IS VERY ACCURATE.
IF ANY PROBLEM COMES IN
OUTPUT THAT IS NOT A
COMPUTER’S FAULT, IT IS
COMPUTER OPERATOR’S FAULT
OR DATA ENTRY OPERATOR’S
FAULT. THIS CASE IS CALLED
(GIGO) GARBAGE IN GARBAGE
OUT. 21
 STORAGE
APART FROM SPEED AND ACCURACY
STORAGE IS ALSO A VERY IMPORTANT
FEATURES OF THE COMPUTER. COMPUTER
HAS VERY BIG PLACE TO STORE LARGE
AMOUNT OF DATA AND INFORMATIONS.

THERE ARE MANY STORAGE UNITS LIKE :-

1NIBBLE = 4 BIT
8 BIT = 1 BYTE (1 CHARACTER)
1024 BYTE = 1 KILO BYTE (KB)
1024 KB = 1 MEGA BYTE (MB)
1024 MB = 1 GIGA BYTE (GB)
1024 GB = 1 TERA BYTE (TB)
1024 TB = 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
1024 PB = 1 EXA BYTE(EB)
1024 EB = 1 ZETTA BYTE(ZB)
1024 ZB = 1 YOTTA BYTE(YB) 22
 VERSATILITY
COMPUTER HAS VERSATILITY
CONCEPT. IT IS AN ALL ROUNDER
MACHINE. IT CAN PERFORM ANY
JOB OF ANY FIELD

EX. – MEDICAL, BUSINESS, RESEARCH,

SCIENCE, EDUCATION ETC.

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 Diligence
Computer is a diligent
machine. It can works
regularly day to night
with same Accuracy.
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 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1. ABACUS
IT WAS THE FIRST MACHANICAL
MACHINE DEVELOPED IN 3500 BC.
ABACUS CONSISTS OF BEADS THAT
COULD SLIDE OVER WIRES THIS
DEVICE COULD PERFORM SIMPLE
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION. IT WAS
DEVELOPED BY CHINESE.

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2. NAPIER’S BONES
IN 1617, JOHN NAPIERS, ASCOTTISH
MATHEMATICIAN DEVELOPED A
DEVICE WHICH IS CALLED NAPIERS
BONES. WITH THE HELP OF THIS
DEVICE, MULTIPLICATION AND
ADDITION WERE POSSIBLE.
3. PASCAL’S ADDING MACHINE
IN 1642 BLAISE PASCAL, A FRENCH
MATHEMATICIAN INVENTED THE FIRST
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR.
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4. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ
IN 1673 GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ,
A GERMAN INVENTED THE LEIBNIZ
CALCULATOR WHICH WAS USED FOR
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION AND
MULTIPLICATION.
5. ANALYTICAL ENGINE
AROUND 1822, CHARLES BABBAGE A
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AT
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
DEVELOPED A MACHINE WHICH IS.
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CALLED ANALYTICAL ENGINE THIS
MACHINE COULD SOLVE ANY
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AND
STORE DATA.
ITS THEORY FIND THE CONCEPT
OF MORDERN COMPUTERS. THAT’S
WHY HE IS KNOWN AS FATHER OF
COMPUTERS.

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 Computer generation
The growth of computer world after the end of
the Second World War was very rapid, but this
development took place in five different phases
known as computer generation.
Like human generation gaps (tradition, thinking
and fashion). Different computer generation is
characterized by their technology of basic
computer elements.
Depending on the technology in use the
computer is known as generation of computer.
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 1 st generation of computer 1942-1954
The first generation of computers used
thermionic valves also known as vacuum
tubes as a main electronic component. These
computers used electronic vacuum tubes
(valves) like the ones used in radio and
hybrid television.

. vacuum tubes 30
 Properties of 1st generation.
1. Vacuum tube were used
2. Very high power consumed.
3. Very big in size.
4. Very low storage capacity.
5. Men power in large number
6. Very slow speed
7. Transportability – nil
8. 18000 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistors,
10000 capacitors 60000 switches and It
consumed 150 KV of power.
9. 27 tons weight about.
10.Language Developed :- Machine & Assembly Level
Language.
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Ex- 1. ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator.
The first electronic based
machine was made in 1946 by J.P.Eckert and
J.W. Mouchly at the university of Pennsylvania
of USA was called Eniac.
2. UNIVAC :- Universal Automatic and
Computer
It was produced in 1951 by universal accounting
company step by Eckert and Mouchly.
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2nd generation—1954 to 1959
In this generation a big revolution came
when vacuum tubes replaced with transistors.
Invented by John Burden, Walter H. Britain
and William B. Shockley. The real break
through in computer started with the
discovery of transistor. Transistors were
made up of germanium semi conductor
material.

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properties of 2nd generation
1. the size is about 1/50 as that large vacuum tube.
the of a vacuum tube, which can perform the
same function
2. transistor were used
3. low power consumed than 1st gen.
4. size decreased than 1st gen.
5. increased storage capacity than 1st gen.
6. man power – 6 to 7
7. good speed and memory power than 1st gen.
8. transportability--- yes
9. Language developed:- Operating System & High
Level Language came into existence.
Ex- IBM-1401, LEO MARK-III ETC. 34
3RD generation computer - 1959-71
in 3rd gen. main electronic component was ICs
( integrated circuits) .no of circuits including
transistor, diodes ,capacitors, resistors etc.
compound on a single silicon chips. This
product was called integrated circuits. and
method was called photolithographic method.
properties of 3 rd gen.
1. combination of 200-2000 transistors
2. ic were used.
3. low power consumed than second gen.

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4. size decreased than second gen.
5. increased storage capacity than
second gen.
6. man power – max.----2.
7. transportability---yes.
8. increased speed than second gen.
9. Language developed:- High Level Language
like RPG and ALGOL.
ex. ibm360,ibm370,univac- 110819.

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4th generation computer - 1971- 1980
the 4th gen. is called micro processor gen. due
to its main electronic component as micro
processor chips.

L.S.I. -:-- large scale integrated circuits

V.L.S.I. -:-- very large scale integrated

circuits.
a single micro processor chips is equal to one
lak transistor.
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properties of 4th gen.
1. low power consumed (+5v dc
to 12 v dc
2. Very small in size than all gen.
3. Very big storage place than all
gen.
4. Very high speed than all gen.
5. Language developed:- High
Level Language like C++ &
Java
ex. Desktop computer,
Laptop computer etc. 38
5th generation of computer–1980 Onwards

A 5th generation computer have the

thinking power just like of the ‘Human
brain’. These computer which are based
on AI are designed to be “Thinking”
computer capable of storing large
amount of data.
Language developed :- High Level
Language with Knowledge Information
with Processing System.
AI :- Artificial Intelligence .
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 Type of computer
There are different types of computer,
depending on the function they
perform.

(i) ANALOG
(ii) DIGITAL
(iii) HYBRID
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ANALOG :- A COMPUTER, WHICH
MEASURES CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING,
CONDITIONS SUCH AS QUANTITIES.

THESE COMPUTERS ARE USED IN

SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING FIELDS

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Digital: - A computer which measures
digital data and perform arithmetical and
logical operations on such data. These
are the most popular used computers.

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Hybrid: - A computer, which combines
features of both analog and digital
computer, is called hybrid computer
Ex: - S.T.D billing machine.

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Classification Of Digital Computer
1> Micro Computer :- Micro computer
are the smallest computer system. These
size ranges from desktop to calculator.
Micro computer can perform same
operations and use the same type of
instructions as any other computer. The
Micro Computer processor is “Micro
Processor “. Micro Computers are also
referred to as Personal Computer(PC),
Desktop Computer, Laptop Computer,
Palmtop Computer, Home Computer
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2. Mini Computer :- Mini
Computers are large in size , faster &
more powerful than Micro computer.
They have the capacity of Processing
One Million Instruction per Second.Such
system are Called Multi-user system.
Micro processor manufactured by
“MOTOROLA” Company is properly
used in mini computers-MC 6800
Series.

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3. Mainframe Computer:- They are
large Machines with terminal meant to be
used by number of users. They have
tremendous memory and support both
multi user & multi tasking capabilities.
They also support a large number of
external peripheral devices. This
processing speed ranges in between 1 to
10 Million Instructions per second and can
support nearly 100 users in time sharing
mode.

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4. SUPER COMPUTER :- Designed to
process scientific jobs like weather fore
casting, artificial intelligence, research etc.
they are the largest, fastest & most
expensive system in the world.

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Input Process Output

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETICAL &
LOGICAL UNIT
PRIMARY MEMORY
ROM RAM

SECONDARY
STORAGE UNIT 48
INPUT :- The Input into the human
brain is through devices like the eyes,
ears, or nose. Similarly input into the
computer is through certain devices like
key board, light pen & mouse.

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OUTPUT :- Human brain
communicate with each other by
talking, writing or making action. The
computer communicate through
devices like Monitor & Printer.

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C.P.U.(Central Processing Unit) :-
Now the human brain have two parts
one which controls all our action and the
other which stores all things that are to be
remember. Similarly the computer has a
control unit which controls that computer
action i.e. all the input from input device &
output to output device & a memory unit
where the computer store things to be
remember.
The primary memory unit of the computer
is further divided into Random access
memory(RAM) & Read only memory(Rom). 51
FUNCTION OF CPU :-
A> To store data & instructions.
B> To control the sequence of operations.
C> To carry out processing.
The CPU fetches the instructions from
memory, decode the instructions & execute
the instructions by communicating with the
input / output device & the memory. The
control unit, Arithmetical and logical
unit(A.L.U) and the memory unit together
from C.P.U of the computer.
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PRIMARY MEMORY UNIT :- It is an
internal memory and also called chips
memory. Which mainly works as a base for
any processing.
There are three types of memory.
1. RAM 2. ROM 3.
CACHE
1> RAM(Random access memory) :-
It’s a chips memory for the uses data or
information can be read from as well as
written this memory. It is a volatile memory
or power dependent memory. 53
A)DRAM(Dynamic RAM) :- Under this
type of RAM what ever user stores data
or information as a charge and leak out
the information even the power supply
is on due to weak electronic circuits. To
solve this problem this chips need an
additional circuit.
B)SRAM(Static RAM) :- SRAM is also a
volatile memory as long as the power
supplied to this memory contents are
stable. There is no used to have as
extra circuits for this memory
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2. ROM (Read Only Memory) :- The
storage elements in the ROM are not
available to the user . The pure ROM can’t
be altered or modified . If is programmed
by the manufactures.
a) PROM (Programmable ROM) :- It may
be programmed once after which it
becomes permanent.
b)EPROM (Erasable PROM):- It may be
erased by special and elaborate process of
exposing it to ultraviolet rays.
c) EEPROM (Electrical EPROM):- It may
be erased electrically. 55
3. CACHE Memory :- The cache
memory is used to store operating
instruction and data that are likely to
be needed next instructions are
frequently required . It increases the
speed of processing .

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 Secondary Storage Unit
1. Floppy Disk
2. Hard Disk
3. Magnetic Tapes
4. Optical Disk/Compact Disk
5. Pen drive –Flash Drive
6. Memory Card

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1>. FLOPPY DISK :-

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The Most popular and low cost flexible
magnetic disk storage device or user in the
computer’s system. It is made up of plastic
materials.Which is coated with an iron oxide
layers. Data and information are magnetized
on this Disk. It is also called Magnetic disk.
Disk is divided into many
tracks and sectors and create a storage block
where Data and information can be stored
floppy disks are available in two size.
Size Capacity
5.25” 1.2 MB
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2>. HARD DISK DRIVE:-
A commonly used secondary storage device
for computer.Set of disks are combined into
a magnetic plates and these plates are fixed
to a spindle one below the other make a
disk is called HARD DISK.

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3>. MAGNETIC TAPES:-

Storage device such as disk that plastic

tapes coated with a magnetic material as
a recording medium.
It is sequential processing storage
device . Data and information stored
sequentially and recalling of storage data
is also sequential.
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4>. OPTICAL DISK:-
An optical disk is recording by burning a
permanent pattern on to the surface of disk
by means of high precession laser beams.
Optical disk have very large storage
capacity and also more reliable than
Magnetic disk & Hard Disk. It is a also
known as ‘CD-ROM’(COMPACT DISK READ
ONLY MEMORY)
CAPACITY:- 600 MB 740 MB

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5> Pen Drive(Flash Drive):-
A pen drive being inserted into a
USB port. Licensed from iStock Photo.
The definition of a pen drive is small
storage device shaped like a pen with
built-in data storage that connects to
a computer by a USB port. An
example of a pen drive is a pen with
a hidden USB port for saving data.

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6> Memory Card:-
A memory card is a type of storage
device that is used for storing media
and data files. It provides a permanent
and non-volatile medium to store data
and files from the attached device.
Memory cards are commonly used in
small, portable devices, such as
cameras and phones.
A memory card is also known as a
flash card.
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 PRINTER
Printer are output device used
to prepare permanent output
on the paper. Printer output is
also called hard copy of the
computer. Printers are
classified by how they print &
how fast they print.

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Printer are of two Types:-
A.HIGH SPEED:-
(1). LETTER QUALITY(LQ) ex:- LASER PRINTER .
(2). NEAR LETTER QUALITY(NLQ) ex:- LINE
PRINTER.

B.LOW SPEED:-
(1). LETTER QUALITY ex:- INKJET PRINTER.
(2). NEAR LETTER QUALITY ex:- DOT MATRIX
PRINTER.

LOW SPEED:- These printer are also called

serial or character printer as they print one
character at a time.
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Ex of Low Speed Printer
DOT MATRIX PRINTER :-
These printer print character as a
combination of dots. This gives the dot
matrix printer a graphic capability.Dot
matrix printer are commonly used although
the print quality is not very good. The
speed of a dot matrix printer is about
120.600 characters per second.These
printers can be graphed quality printer or
near letter quality printers.
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INKJET PRINTER :-

A non impact character or serial

printer is the inkjet printer. These
prints character by pattern of ink
into the paper from the nozzle or
jet. These are faster than dot
matrix printer. Multicolor printing
is also possible in the printers. 68
EX OF HIGH SPEED PRINTER:-
LINE PRINTER:-
These are called line printer since they
print one line at a time. These printer
can print 300-3000 line per minute
they are very bulky as well as noisy.
These printer are used where heavy
duty printing is required.

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LASER PRINTER:-
Laser printers are technological marvel
of electronic xerography and Laser’s
capable of high quality printing. These
printers can also produce output at very
high speed. These printers used laser
light to produce the dots needed to form
the characters. They print one page at a
time of size A-4. They are noiseless and
produce letter quality output. Laser
printer uses laser light and
photosensitive drum for printing.
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 SOFTWARE
A Set of program is called a software.
A Sets of information, instruction,
command makes a program.
There are three types of software
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Service Software

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1.SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-It is a base
software for any other software. It is
directly or indirectly connected with the
hardware. Without this software we can’t
take any single step into the computer.
The best example of these type of
software are operating system just as
DOS,WIN-98, 2000 Millennium, Unix,
Linux ,WIN XP, WIN-7,WIN-8, WIN-8.1, WIN
-10, WIN-11 etc.(It is also called parent
software)

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2.APPLICATION SOFTWARE:-
It interacts the hardware through
compiler or interpreter.
A software which depends on the
system software, can solve any problem
of particular area in computer field. Ex:-
excel, word, FoxPro, tally etc.

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3. SERVICE SOFTWARE:-
A Child software of application software.
It is always ready to perform a job of
application software. It work on the
order of application software. Ex:- spell
checker, translator etc.

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 COMPUTER LANGUAGE
A language by which user can interface
with the computer is called computer
language. There are two type of
computer language.
1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE
2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

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1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE:-
A language which can be easily
understood by computer but very
difficult for user. Ex:- (A) Binary
numbers (MACHINE LEVEL LANGUAGE)
(B) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:- A low level
programming language in which
particular codes are used for any
operations. It holds middle place
between machine level language and
high level language.
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2.HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE :-
A language which can be easily
understood by user but very difficult for
computers. Ex:- COBOL, BASIC, C++
etc.it is a user friend language. There
are many instructions codes available
for user but this user code can be
understand only by user. So high level
language needs to have translate these
user code into machine code. there are
two types of translator for high level
language
(i) INTERPRETER (ii)COMPILER 77
1. INTERPRETER:-
It is a translator which comes in service
software group. It translates the
instructions one by one and
C.U(control unit) execute translated
instruction. If any error occur in
program file it gives the facility to
correct the error and re executed by
the c.u it takes a time.

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2. COMPILER:-
It is a translator used to translate the
instruction of the user language into
machine language. It also comes in
service software groups. It translate the
program files into the machine language
and store it into creates an error list by
which user can solve all problems at a
time and there is no need to execution.
It takes much less time than interpreter.

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 OUTPUT
MONITOR
CODE NAME SUPPORTS
RESOLUTION
CGA COLOUR TEXT & GRAPHICS 640*200
GRAPHIC MONOCHROME &
ADAPTOR COLOUR
MGA MERCULES T&G MONOCHROME 720*350
GRAPHIC
ADAPTOR
EGA ENHANCED T&G MONOCHROME & 16 640*340
GRAPHIC COLOUR
ADAPTOR
VGA VIDEO GRAPHIC T&G MONOCHROME & 16 640*420
ADAPTOR COLOUR
SVGA SUPER VIDEO T&G 256 OR MORE 1024*768
GRAPHIC COLOUR
ADAPTOR 80
The processed data with in the computer is in
the form of electrical signal. It’s is also called
monitor or V.D.U (visual display unit) or
computer screen or console.the most
important work is flash out the result. It’s size
is 14 inch & 15 inch. It’s display in single color
(monochrome) or many color. The mode of
display can be either text or graphic. Most of
the monitor can display 25 lines of 80
character in each line.
There are two modes:-
Text mode:- Display of Text Materials
Graphics mode:- Display of Picture 81
 INPUT DEVICE
A device by which user can put the data
and instruction into the computer is
called input device. There are various
type of input devices.

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A.KEY BOARD :-
(a)TYPE WRITER KEYS PAD:- It has all the
keys of a type writer machine. A few extra
keys are also available in this pad just like .
(i) CAPS LOCK KEYS:-By this key user can
write data & informal in capital letter or in
small.
(ii)ENTER KEY:- After typing of any command
user has to press enter key.
(iii)ALT & CTRL KEYS:-It is also called
combination keys. This keys are used with
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(b)FUNCTION KEYS PAD:- Each keys has
a unique function by which we can perform
a particular work.
(c) DATA ENTRY KEYS PAD:- It has
numeric keys operator keys etc.
(d) CURSOR KEYS:- By pressing these
keys we can move one point to another
point in our document.
(e) EXTRA KEYS PAD:- It has many other
keys like:- pg up, pg down, pause & break,
print screen etc.
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B. MOUSE:-
A small input device by which user can
locate any particular area of the
computer screen.

Scroll Wheel

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(C) LIGHT PEN:-
A pen shaped device that is used as an
input device to computer by writing or
sketching on the screen of a cathode
ray tube.

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(D) OCR (OPTICAL CHARACTER
READER) :-
An input device that can read character
directly from an ordinary piece of paper
by the use of scanning mechanism.
These characters are written in special
types of font.
(E) OMR (OPTICAL MARK
READER):- An input device that is able
to interprete pencil mark on paper
media. Ex:- checking of Banking exam’s
answer sheet etc.
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(E) CBT (Computer based
Test):-
A Computer Based Test (CBT) requires
candidates to sit in front of a computer
terminal (node) allocated to them
against their Roll number and Admit
card. After logging the candidate will get
detailed instructions for the
examinations.

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