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Growth and Development Growth and Development

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5 views33 pages

Growth and Development Growth and Development

Uploaded by

Ghadeer Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Dr.Khalid Hama
,salih
Pediatrics specialist
M.B.Ch.; D. C.H
F.I.B.M.S.ped
2
Development
• The term 'child development' is used to
describe the skill and capacity of function
acquired by children between birth and about 5
years of age
• It is a qualitative change in the child ’s
functioning.
• It can be measured through observation.
By understanding what to expect during each stage of development ,
parents can easily capture the teachable moments in everyday life to
enhance their child's language development, intellectual growth, social

development and motor skills.


 NB/Chronological age, physical growth and
developmental skills usually evolve hand in
hand. Just as there are normal ranges for
changes in body size with age, so there are
ranges over which new skills are acquired.
 When considering developmental milestones:
 The median age is the age when half of a standard
population of children achieve that level; it serves as
a guide to when stages of development are likely to
be reached but does not tell us if the child's skills are
outside the normal range.

 Limit ages are the age by which they should have


been achieved. Limit ages are usually 2 standard
deviations from the mean. They are more useful as a
guide to whether a child's development is normal than
the median ages
There are four fields of
developmental skills to
 These are:
 A. gross motor
 B. vision and fine motor
 C. hearing, speech and language
 D.social, emotional and behavioural.
 Gross motor skills are the most obvious initial
area of developmental progress. As fine motor
skills require good vision, these are grouped
together; similarly, normal speech and
language development depends on reasonable
hearing and so these are also considered
together. Social, emotional and behavioural
skills are a spectrum of psychological
development
 gross motor development: an explosion of
skills during the first year of life ,large muscle
 vision and fine motor development: more
evident acquisition of skills from 1 year
onwards
 hearing, speech and language: a big expansion
of skills from 18 months
 social, emotional and behavioural
development: expansion in skills is most
obvious from 2.5 years.
PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT
INSTRUMENTS
DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING

TEST(DDST)

BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT


DEVELOPMENT(BSID)

 PEABODY MOTOR SCALES

GROSS MOTOR FUNCTION MEASURES


(GMFM)
Birth
• Gross motor:The newborn's movement are
random, diffuse and uncoordinated. Complete
head lag
• Visio&Fine motor. Holds hand in fist
• Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to
newborn infant.Follow objects in line of vision
• Hearing &speech:The newborn infant
responds to sounds with either cry or eye
movement, cessation of activity and / or startle
reaction.
 Social:The newborn infant expresses his
emotion just through cry for hunger, pain or
discomfort sensation.
8weeks- 6
 gross motor :Pelvis flatter
HeadControldeveloping but head noding
Curved back, needs support
 vision and fine motor :
Follows moving objects 180 degre
hearing,& speech :listens to voice and
coos
 Social: Smiles on social contact
months 4
 gross motor Lifts head and shoulders with weight on
forearms no head lag when pulled to sitting
position,
 vision and fine motor reaches for and grasps
objects andHolds a rattle and shakesPurposefully

 brings them to mouth


 hearing,& speech :Laughs out loud, exited at sight

of food, may show displeasure


Social : social contact i 
months 6

 gross motor Arms extended supporting chest off


couchSits with self propping
Stands with support Roles over, creep-crawls
 vision and fine motor Reaches for and grasps
large objects, transfers object from Hand to hand

 Hearing,& speech forms polysyllabic vowel sounds


 Social: Prefers mother, responds to changes in
emotional content of social contact
months 9
gross motor: Gets in to sitting position alone,crowl
Pulls to standing and standsholding on
 vision and fine motor: grasps objects with

thumb and forefinger (Immature pincer grasp

Hearing,& speech :Double babble: dada mama


baba
Social :responds to sound of name,waves bye bye
months 12
gross motor: Stands, and walks with
one handheld
vision and fine motor: Mature pincer graspGives
bricks to examiner

Hearing,& speech says a few words besides mama


and dada
Social : plays simple ball games, makes postural 
adjustments to
dressing 
month 15

gross motor Walks independently and


stoops to pick up objects
vision and fine motor: Builds a tower of two
cubes
Hearing,& speech 10 words ;No Ta Teddy Bed
Dog, Bottle
Social : Drinks from a cup
;years ( 24 mo ) 2

 gross motor: Runs up and down stairs one


step at a time
 vision and fine motor: Scribbles with a pencil

 Hearing,& speech Linking two words Daddy

gone, Teddy's tired


Social : Toilet trained by day Spoon-feeding 
self
; year’s ( 36 mo) 3

gross motor: ; Rides tricycle, stands momentarily on


.one foot
.vision and fine motor:; copies a circle imitates a cross
.Hearing,& speech knows age and sex, counts three objects correctly
Social; plays simple games with other children, washes
.Dresses self (except buttons)hands
;years (48 mo) 4

gross motor; Hops on one foot, uses scissors to cut out


.pictures
vision and fine motor; Copies circle and square, draws a man with
2 to 4 parts
.besides head
Hearing&Language; counts up to4 accurately,
.tells story
Social; plays with several children with the beginning
,of role play
goes to toilet alone
;year ( 60 mo) 5

.gross motor; Skips


.vision and fine motor; copies a triangle, names heavier of two weig

Hearing&Languag; Repeats sentences of 10 syllables , counts 10 p


.correctly
Social; dresses and undresses, asks questions about meaning of
.words
Motor Skills-Summary

Age 3-tricycle, copies circle

Age 4-hops, copies square

Age 5-skips, copies triangle


school age
During school age, evidence of developmental 

progression is predominantly through


cognitive development, abstract thinking and
,skills of conceptualisation
Adolescence; is a period of development which involves with in
;it
Puberty; which is a biological process in which a child becomes
.an adult

These changes include; development of secondary sexual


characteristic, increase to adult size and development of
.reproductive capacity

.Adolescence has 3 stage; Early, middle, and late

;
Social Psychological Biological
The early emotional Concrete thinking but begin Early puberty Early adolescence
separation from parents, start to develop moral concepts Females - breast bud, pubic
of a strong peer and awareness of their hair development, start of
identification, early sexual identity growth spurt
exploratory behaviours, e.g. Males-testicular
may start smoking enlargement, start of genital
growth

Continuing emotional Abstract thinking, but still Females - end of growth Mid-adolescence
separation from parents, seen as 'bulletproof', spurt, menarche, change in
heterosexual peer interest, increasing verbal dexterity, body shape
early vocational plans may develop a fervent Males - sperm production,
ideology (religious, political) voice breaks, start of growth
spurtAcneBlushing
Need for more sleep

Social autonomy, may Complex abstract thinking Males - end of puberty, Late adolescence
develop intimate identification of difference continued growth in height,
relationships, further between law and morality, strength and body hair
education or employment, increased impulse control,
may begin or develop further development of
financial independence personal identity, further
development or rejection of
ideologies
Gross motor development
 Prone position  Pull to sit
 Birth Birth
Generally flexed posture Complete head lag
 6 weeks  6 weeks

Pelvis flatter Head control Developing


 4 months  4 months

Lifts head and shoulders with No head lag


weight on forearms
 6 months

Arms extended supporting


chest off couch
Head Control

Newborn Age 6 months


Sitting Up

Age 2 months
Age 8 months
Ambulation

month old 13
Nine to 12-months

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