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Module 1 Thermal (4)

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8 views

Module 1 Thermal (4)

Uploaded by

Shashank Shashank
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMAL ENGINEERING

Module 1: Thermodynamics -
Fundamental Concepts & Definitions
Thermodynamics: definition and scope
• Thermodynamics can be defined as the
science of energy.
• One of the most fundamental laws of nature is
the conservation of energy principle.
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts
that energy has quality as well as quantity
• All activities in nature involve some interaction
between energy and matter; thus, it is hard to
imagine an area that does not relate to
thermodynamics in some manner.
• Other applications of thermodynamics are
right where one lives.
Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches
SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study. The mass or
region outside the system is called the
surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary.
• Systems may considered to be closed or open,
depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed
volume in space is chosen for study.
Thermodynamic properties
• Every system has certain characteristics by which its
physical condition may described. Such
characteristics are called properties of the system.
These properties are measurable characteristics of a
system that is in equilibrium.
• Properties may be intensive or extensive. Intensive –
Are independent of the amount of mass: e.g:
Temperature, Pressure, and Density,
Extensive – varies directly with the mass. e.g: mass,
volume, energy, enthalpy.
Specific properties
• The ratio of any extensive property of a
system to that of the mass of the system is
called an average specific value of that
property (also known as intensives property)
State, Equilibrium and Process
• State – a set of properties that describes the conditions
of a system. Eg. Mass m, Temperature T, volume V
• Thermodynamic equilibrium - system that maintains
thermal, mechanical, phase and chemical equilibriums.
• The number of properties required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state postulate:
The state of a simple compressible
system is completely specified
by two independent,
intensive properties.
Cont.
• Process – change from one equilibrium state
to another.
• When a process proceeds in such a manner
that the system remains infinitesimally close
to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called
a quasistatic, or quasi-equilibrium, process.
Types of Thermodynamics Processes
• Cyclic process - when a system
in a given initial state
goes through various processes
and finally return
to its initial state, the system
has undergone a cyclic
process or cycle.
• Reversible process - it is defined as a process that, once having
take place it can be reversed. In doing so, it leaves no change in
the system or boundary.
• Irreversible process - a process that cannot return both the system
and surrounding to their original conditions
• Adiabatic process - a process that has no heat transfer
into or out of the system. It can be considered to be
perfectly insulated.
• Isentropic process - a process where the entropy of the
fluid remains constant.
• Polytropic process - when a gas undergoes a reversible
process in which there is heat transfer, it is represented
with a straight line, PV^n = constant.
• Throttling process - a process in which there is no
change in enthalpy, no work is done and the process is
adiabatic.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• “ If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.”
Work and Heat
Thermodynamic definition of work
Work, like heat, is an energy interaction between
a system and its surroundings.

Work is said to be done by the system if the sole


effect on things external to the system can be
reduced to the rising of a weight.
Sign convention
• Heat and work are directional quantities, and
thus the complete description of a heat or
work interaction requires the specification of
both the magnitude and direction.
PdV work or Displacement work
Cont..
• Process in which PV=constant
Cont..
• Process in which PV^n=constant.
Shaft work
Cont..
• Electrical work
Spring work
Work done on elastic solid bars
Work Associated with the Stretching of a
Liquid Film
Heat
• We know from experience that a can of cold soda
left on a table eventually warms up and that a hot
baked potato on the same table cools down.
• Heat is defined as the form of
energy that is transferred between
two systems (or a system and
its surroundings) by virtue of a
Temperature difference.
Cont..
• Heat is energy in transition. It is recognized
only as it crosses the boundary of a system.
• A process during which there is no heat
transfer is called an adiabatic process
Cont..
• As a form of energy, heat has energy units, kJ (or
Btu)

• Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of heat


transfer (the amount of heat transferred per unit
time)
Simple Problems
• The piston of an oil engine, of area 0.0045 m2,
moves downwards 75 mm, drawing in 0.00028
m3 of fresh air from the atmosphere. The
pressure in the cylinder is uniform during the
process at 80 kPa, while the atmospheric
pressure is 101.325 kPa, the difference being
due to the flow resistance in the induction pipe
and the inlet valve. Estimate the displacement
work done by the air finally in the cylinder.
Thank you

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