General
Anesthesia
in Large
Animals
ABUSUFIAN
2021-DVME-032
General – It is a state of unconsciousness
anesthesia combined with loss of sensitivity
and reduced motor response to
stimuli produced in a controlled
manner by a process of
reversible intoxication of CNS
CLASSIFICATION OF
GENERAL ANESTHETICS
INHALANT ANESTHETICS
– VOLATILE ANESTHESIA: Chloroform, Ether, Vinyl
ether, Trichloroethylene,
GASEOUS ANESTHESIA:
– Nitrous oxide, Xenon, Cyclopropane, Halothane,
Enflurane, Isoflurane, Methoxyflurane,
Sevoflurane.
INJECTABLE ANESTHETICS
BARBITURATES:
Thiopentone, Thiamylal, Thialbarbitone, Methohexitone, and
Pentobarbitone.
NON-BARBITURATES:
Phenol Derivatives:Propofol
Benzodiazepines: Midazolam and diazepam
Opioid and neurpleptic analgesics:Fentanyl, Fentanyl- droperidol
combinations
Dissociative anesthetics : Ketamine, Phencyclidine, Tiletamine
MOA of general
anesthetics
– General anesthetics work by enhancing inhibitory
neurotransmission and reducing excitatory
neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
General anesthetics are thought to act on
specific ion channels within neuronal cell
membranes.
– These include:
G-amino butyric acid type A (GABAA)
receptors:These receptors are activated by general
anesthetics.
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors: These
receptors are blocked by general anesthetics.
Two-pore potassium channels (K2Ps): These
channels are affected by general anesthetics,
especially halogenated inhalation anesthetics.
General considerations
– Physical examination
– Off feed hay 36hr ,grains 24hrs ,water 12hrs
– Vitals
– PC
– Total solids
– Blood glucose
– Acid base balance
apportioned between the chest and abdomen and
is quite regular.
Stage 2: the period after loss of consciousness, Muscle tone decreases from a maximum during
which may include actions such as uncontrolled Stage 2 all the way through Stage 3. Jaw tone is a
movement, delirium, vocalization good indication of muscle tone.
Respiratory efforts. In Stage 2, breathing is still
evenly apportioned between chest and abdomen
but is less regular and breath holding may occur.
Stage 3: the level at which surgery can be Pupillary Reflex. Shine a light in the eye and the
performed. Stage 3 anaesthesia is divided into four pupil constricts. This reflex is present at the start
planes. of Stage 3 and starts to decrease and will be
• Plane 1: "light" anaesthesia - the animal still has absent by about the middle of Stage 3.
blink and swallowing reflexes, and regular
respiration. Palpebral Reflex. Touch the corner of the eye and
• Plane 2: "surgical" anaesthesia - the animal has the animal blinks. This disappears early in Stage 3.
lost blink reflexes, pupils become fixed and Corneal Reflex. Touch the cornea and the animal
respiration is regular. blinks. This disappears early in Stage 3. Be careful
• Plane 3: "deep" anaesthesia - the animal starts not to damage the cornea if this reflex is tested.
losing the ability to use the respiratory muscles Withdrawal Reflex. Pull a limb gently, pinch the
and breathing becomes shallow; may require toe and the animal will pull back the limb. This
assisted ventilation. reflex indicates whether the animal feels pain or
• Plane 4: the animal loses all respiratory effort, not and should be absent before surgery starts.
and breathing may stop entirely This will occur early in Stage 3.
PHASES OF – >Pre medication
GENERAL – >Induction
ANESTHESIA – >Maintenance
– >Recovery
Pre Anesthetics
INDUCTION
– Adult cattle can be cast into sternal
recumbency before induction if well sedated
(or after induction as they become
unconscious). General anesthesia is induced
with ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) preceded by, or
mixed with, a benzodiazepine (midazolam
0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg or diazepam 0.1 to 0.2
mg/kg).
– Alternatively, 500 mg of ketamine can be
added to 500 mL of 5% guaifenesin (“double
drip”); 0.5 to 1.0 mL/kg is infused rapidly IV
to effect (e.g., using a pressure bag).
– “Triple drip,” created by adding 500 mg of
ketamine and 25 to 50 mg of xylazine to 500
mL of 5% guaifenesin, can also be used (e.g.,
in cattle that were not well premedicated).
MONITORING – -Mucous membrane
– -CRT
– -Heart rate rhythm
– -Respiratory rate
– -Body temperature
–-
POSITIONING
– LATERAL RECUMBANCY
. In lateral recumbency, the head and neck
should be elevated above the abdomen using a
pad or towels placed under the patient at the
level of the poll, and the nose and mouth
should be tipped down to permit saliva to drain.
DORSAL RECUMBANCY
the head and neck should also be
elevated, and the nose should be turned to one
side and tipped down .
COMPLICATIONS
– Regurgitation
– Rumen tympany
– Bradicardia
– hypotension
– Hypovetilation and Hypoxemia
BRANDS AVALIABLE
Xylazine
Brand name: Xylaz, Xylaject
Dose in large animals : 0.02-0.05mg/kg sedation(IV) 0.25-0.5mg/kg (IV)
preanesthetic
Dose in small animals: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg sedation (IV) 0.2-05mg/kg (IV) preanesthetic
Ketamine
Brand name: ketaset, ketadex
Dose in large animals: 2- 2.2 mg/kg (IV)
Dose in small animals: 2-5mg/kg (IV)
Ketamine is more effective when we use it with xylazine
EXAMPLE
– Weight =500kg > inj xylaz (20mg/ml)
– >ketadex (50mg/ml)
1-Chloral hydrate 100mg/kg 10 Percent solution
2-combination (ketamine+xylazine+diazepam)
Study
Abstract | The present study was conducted to evaluate a total intravenous anesthesia
Anesthesia in horse
thoroughbred horses undergoing different surgical and diagnostic procedures using X
Guaifenesin
combination. Sedation of animals was done with intravenous injection of Xylazine hyd
followed
by induction of anesthesia with Ketamine @ 2.0 mg/kg and diazepam @ 0.1 mg/kg. The
maintained
with Triple drip prepared by adding 25 gm of the Guaifenesin powder in 500 ml of 5% D
500mg of
Xylazine and 1 gm of Ketamine. Initially the Triple drip was given @ dose rate of 1 ml/k
subsequently adjusted
depending upon the anesthetic depth of the horses. The mean arterial blood pressure
induction in
comparison to initial pressure, which was subsequently increased after 40 minutes. Xy
diazepam
combination produced smooth induction, excellent muscle relaxation and stable cardio
in all the
horses under the study. The mean time of complete recovery was 85.0± 4.38 minutes
of Xylazine,
Ketamine and Guaifenesin combination as short term anesthesia under field condition
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