Phase
Changes
What is Heat?
Heat is the quantity of
energy transferred from one
object to another because of
a difference in temperature.
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Transfer of kinetic energy when the particles of an object
collide.
Convection
Heat transfer by means of motion of fluids. (With
medium)
Radiation
Thermal energy that transfers through space in the form
of electromagnetic waves. (Without medium)
Direction of Heat Flow
Surroundings
ENDOthermic EXOthermic
qsys > 0 qsys < 0
System
H2O(s) + heat H2O(l) H2O(l) H2O(s) + heat
melting freezing
System
Kotz, Purcell, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 1991, page 207
Specific Heat
Thermal energy needed to
change temperature of unit
mass of substance one kelvin.
J/kgK unit of specific heat
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT j/kg K
ALUMINUM 903
BRASS 376
CARBON 710
COPPER 385
GLASS 664
ICE 2060
IRON 450
LEAD 130
METHANOL 2450
SILVER 235
STEAM 2020
WATER 4180
ZINC 388
The heat, Q, required to change the
temperature is given by
Q = mC∆T
Where:
Q = heat required
m = mass
C = specific heat
∆T = change in temperature
Sample
Problems
How much heat is absorbed by 60.0 g
of copper (385 J/kg 0C) when it is
heated from 20 0C to 80 0C.
A 38 Kg block of lead is heated from -260C to
1800C. How much heat is absorbed during
the heating? (C = 130 J/Kg 0C)
Change of State of
Matter
State of Matter
The three most common state of
matter are solids, liquids, and
gases. As temperature of solid is
raised, it first changes to a liquid. At
even higher temperatures, it will
become gas.
Solid to Liquid
MELTING
Melting Point
A temperature at which substance changes from solid to liquid
state.
Heat of Fusion
Quantity of energy needed to change a unit mass of a
substance from solid to liquid state at the melting point.
The heat, Q, required to melt a solid
mass m is given by
Q = mHf
Where:
Q = heat required
m = mass
Hf = heat of fusion
Liquid to Gas
Afterthe substance is totally melted, a
further increase in thermal energy once
again increases the temperature. As
temperature increases some particles in
the liquid acquire enough energy to
break free from other particles.
Vaporization
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a
substance, under normal
atmospheric pressure changes
from a liquid to a vapor state.
Heat of Vaporization
Quantity of energy needed to
change a unit mass of a
substance from liquid to gaseous
state at the boiling point.
The heat, Q, required to vaporize a mass
m of liquid is given by
Q = mHv
Where:
Q = heat required
m = mass
Hf = heat of vaporization
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of
Common Substances
Material Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization
Hf (J/kg) Hv (J/kg)
Copper 2.05 x 105 5.07 x 106
Gold 6.30 x 104 1.64 x 106
Iron 2.66 x 105 6.29 x 106
Lead 2.04 x 104 8.64 x 105
Mercury 1.15 x 104 2.72 x 105
Methanol 1.09 x 105 8.78 x 105
Silver 1.04 x 104 2.36 x 106
Water (ice) 3.34 x 105 2.26 x 106
Sample
Problems
If 5.00 x 103 J is added to ice at
273 K, how much ice is melted?
A 2.00 x 102 g sample of water at 60⁰C
is heated to steam at 140⁰C. How
much heat is absorbed?
How much heat must be
transferred to 2500 g of ice
at -10⁰C until the ice melts
and the temperature of the
resulting water steam to
150⁰C?
Assignment
1. The cooling system of a car engine contains 20L of water. (1 L of water has a
mass of 1 kg) (4180 J/kg⁰C)
a. What is the change in temperature of the water if the engine operates until
836.0 KJ of heat are added?
b. Suppose it is winter and the system is filled with 20L methanol. The
density of methanol is 0.80 g/cm^3. What would be the increase in the
temperature of the methanol if it absorbed 836.0 kJ of heat? (C of Methane =
2450J/kgK)
c. Which is better coolant, water or methanol?? Explain.
2. How much heat is needed to change 3.00 x 10 2 g of ice at -30⁰C to steam at
130.0 ⁰C?
