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Understanding Machine Language
Name : Syed Ali Shahwaiz kirmani
Roll no : 0040-BS-ISET-24
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Introduction to machine language
Machine language is the most basic and simplest
type of programming language.
It consists of binary code just 0’s and 1’s that
computer can understand directly.
Every instruction in machine language tells the
computer exactly what to do, step by step.
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How machine language works
Machine language communicates directly with the
computer’s hardware (like the processor).
Each instruction is a series of binary numbers that tell the
computer to perform specific actions, such as:
Add two numbers.
Store data in memory
Move data from one place to another
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How machine language executes the instruction
How machine language executes the instruction
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Input: The user or a device provides data.
Instruction Fetch: The processor fetches binary
instructions from memory.
Decode: Instructions are translated into hardware-level
commands.
Execute: The processor performs the operation (e.g.,
arithmetic, data movement).
Output: Results are sent to a display or stored in
memory.
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Characteristics of machine language
Binary code only : made entirely 0 and 1.
Fastest execution : Instructions run immediately because the
computer doesn’t need translation.
Hardware-Specific: Written for a particular type of computer
processor.
Difficult to Write: Programmers need to write long, complex
sequences of 0s and 1s.
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Advantages of machine language
Fastest Execution Speed: No need for translation layers.
Maximum Hardware Control: Directly interacts with the
processor and memory.
Essential for Embedded Systems: Used in devices with
limited resources, like microwaves and smartwatches.
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Disadvantages of machine language
Difficult to Learn and Use: Binary code is not human-
readable.
Time-Consuming to Write: Programming and debugging take
significant effort.
Not Portable: A program written for one type of hardware
won’t work on another without modifications.
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Where machine language is used?
Embedded Systems: For example, in devices like
washing machines and thermostats.
Hardware Testing: Used to debug and test hardware at
a low level.
Real-Time Systems: Applications where response time
is critical, like robotics or aerospace systems.
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THANK YOU
