The Human Body: The

Reproductive System
MALE AND FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Review
 Mitosis is the type of cell division that occurs
in non-reproductive cells.
 Produces exact copies of the parent cell
 Meiosisis cell division that occurs in
reproductive cells; gametes.
 Produces egg and sperm cells with half the
genetic material of the parent cells.
 23 chromosomes are contained in gametes; this
is so that when egg and sperm meet, they
produce offspring with 46 chromosomes.
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Vagina

 Cervix

 Uterus

 Fallopian Tubes
 Ovary
 The reproductive
systems in both the
male and female
consist of primary
and secondary sex
organs and sex
glands.
The primary function of the reproductive systems
is to perpetuate the species through sexual or
germ cell fertilization and reproduction.
Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Penis

 Urethra

 Vas Deferens
 Scrotum

 Testes

 Bladder*
*Not a part of the reproductive
system
External Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Penis: the external reproductive organ,
urethra passes through the penis and allows
urine and semen to exit the body.
 Scrotum: a sac or pouch which holds the

testes.
 The function of the scrotum is to maintain the
proper temperature of the testes. (slightly cooler
than body temperature)
 Sperm is destroyed unless a temperature of 97 o is
maintained.
 The urethra runs the
length of the penis from
the bladder to the meatus
(me Ā tus). The flaccid
penis fills with blood
during arousal, causing
an erection and allowing
for the function of
copulation/intercourse.
A lubricant, smegma,is produced under the prepuce
on the penis. This foreskin may be circumcised/
removed for hygiene or religious reasons. It covers
the glans/head that is filled with nerve endings.
The scrotum is a
pouch of skin
suspended from
the perineal area
and divided into
two sacs… each
containing one
testicle and
epididymis.
The scrotal tissue contracts in the absence of
sufficient heat, pulling the testes up closer to the
body where the temperature maintains the viability
of sperm.
Internal Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Prostate:
gland that secretes fluid which is
a component of semen.

 Vas deferens: a tube which connects the

testes to the urethra and allows semen to
exit the body.

 Testes:two glands which produce sperm

and hormones (testosterone)
 The oval-shaped
testes are located in
the scrotum, and are
each divided into 250
lobules. Coiled
within the lobule are
seminiferous tubes
where the sperm are
formed.
The mature sperm are stored in the epididymis, a
tube 13-20 feet in length, coiled and lying on the
side of each testicle.
 The acrosome
(AK roh zome)
covering the head
of the sperm
contains enzymes
that help it
penetrate the ova.
The head carries
Sperm carry either an the genetic
X/female OR Y/male material. The
chromosome. Since all ova midpiece supplies
carry the X/female energy. The tail or
chromosome, the male sperm flagellum (flah JELL
does influence the baby’s sex. um) provides
 The vas deferens are
muscular tubes
transporting sperm from
the epididymis to the
seminal vesicles. The
seminal vesicles produce a
slightly alkaline fluid that
mixes with the sperm and
becomes part of the semen
ejaculated during the male
orgasm. It protects the
sperm from the acidity of
the urethra.
The prostate gland also secretes an alkaline fluid
that mixes with the sperm as part of the semen.
Enlargement of the prostate, benign prostatic
hyperplasia, obstructs the flow of urine through the
urethra. The Cowper’s or
bulbourethral glands
(bull boh yur REE thral)
produce another
mucous- alkaline
secretion in the
urethra, excreted from
the glands just before
ejaculation.
Internal Organs of the Male
Reproductive System

 Bladder*: holds urine prior to urination. Urine

leaves the bladder via the urethra. (Not part of
reproductive system)

 Urethra: a tube which allows urine and semen to

exit the body. Connects to the bladder
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System

 Vagina: also called the birth canal, a tube

leading from the uterus to the outside of the
body. (Where sperm enters. It is acidic.)

 Cervix: the lower portion of the uterus; where

the vagina and uterus meet. (Dilates for the
delivery of baby.)
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System

 Uterus:a hollow, fist-sized organ located

between the bladder and rectum. (Where the
zygote implants and the embryo develops)

 Fallopian Tubes: also called oviducts; are two

tubes connecting the uterus with the ovaries.
(site of fertilization)
 The uterus is a hollow,
muscular, pear-shaped
organ about the size of a
woman’s clenched fist.
The top is tipped forward
in a normal ‘anteflexion’
position. It can be divided
into the body or corpus,
and the bottom cervix.
The rounded top portion,
above the fallopian tubes,
is called the fundus.
The uterus is supported and held
in position by a number of
ligaments. Trauma, disease, or
multiple pregnancies can
weaken these ligaments and
result in abnormal positioning.
 The uterus wall
has 3 layers: the
outside layer
Outer layer
called the (Perimetrium)
perimetrium, the
Thick layer of muscle
muscular inside (Myometrium)

layer called the Mucous lining

myometrium, and (Endometrium)

the mucous
membrane lining
the uterus called
The cervical opening is about
the endometrium.
the diameter of a pencil.
 The uterus has 3
functions:
1.The endometrium
sheds the lining of the
uterus every 21 to 40
days by menstruation
2.It provides a place for
the protection and
nourishment of the fetus
during pregnancy

3. It contracts during labor to expel the fetus

 Tube widens to form the End of tube is
ampulla (am pyu lah) called the
infundibulum
The isthmus is (in fun DIB yū lum)
the portion that
connects to
uterus
Fimbria (fihm bree ah) are Opening
the finger-like projections is called
around the opening that trap the
the egg as it leaves the ostium
ovary (ah stē um)
 The fallopian tube is 4-6 inches long. The egg, released
from the ovary, is captured by the fimbria and brought
into the fallopian tube. The egg is moved along inside
the tube by muscular contractions and the waving action
of cilia. It takes an egg about 3-4 days to travel the
length of the tube. If an egg is fertilized, it occurs here.
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Ovaries: small organs on the ends of the
Fallopian tubes responsible for the
production and release of eggs (ova-pl).
 Females are born with all of the eggs they will
ever produce.
 Ovaries alternate the release of eggs each month.
 Like testes, the ovaries produce hormones-
estrogen.
 This release of the ova is called ovulation.
The two ovaries are
attached to each
side of the uterus
by a ligament. They
are oval-shaped,
about the size of a
large olive, and lie
close to the fimbria
at the end of the
fallopian tubes.
Each ovary is filled, already at birth, with egg-
containing sacs called follicles. Each egg is called
an ovum.
 Once every 21 days,
one follicle in one
ovary ripens. This
mature follicle is a
graafian (GRAW fee un)
follicle. The follicle
ruptures in response
to hormones from the After the follicle ruptures, it
pituitary gland, becomes a mass of yellow
releasing the cells called the corpus
ovum/egg… a process luteum. This is a temporary,
called ovulation. progesterone-producing
structure.
 The vagina extends
from the cervix to the
outside of the body. It
is a 3 ½ inch long
muscular tube that
expands in length and
width during sexual
arousal.
The vagina is the female organ for copulation
(sexual intercourse), receiving the seminal fluid
from the male penis. It is also a passageway for
menstruation or the birth of a fetus.
 The vulva is 5 organs making up
the external genitalia of the
female:
1. Mons pubis: triangular-shaped
pad of fatty tissue over the pubis
bone, covered with pubic hair

2. Labia majora: 2 large folds of adipose tissue on the sides

of the vaginal opening
3. Labia minora: 2 smaller folds of adipose tissue on the
inside of the labia majora
4. Vestibule: area between labia with openings for the
vagina, urethra, and two excretory ducts for Bartholin’s
glands (provide lubricant)
5. Clitoris: sensitive fold of tissue partially covered by hood
 The perineum is the area
located between the vaginal
opening and the anus. It is
a muscular sheet that can
be torn during childbirth.

Perineum

Some doctors avoid

uncontrolled tearing of
the perineum by making
a surgical incision called
an episiotomy.
 The onset of the
menstrual cycle, or
menarche, begins at
puberty and ceases
at menopause. The
cycle has 3 phases:

The follicular phase is characterized by menstruation,

when the thickened lining of the endometrium is shed
because no egg was fertilized or implanted. Just prior to
this phase is a premenstrual period characterized by
hormonal and physical changes.
 The ovulatory phase
comes next. Estrogen is
the hormone produced by
the ovaries, which
stimulates the maturation
of a follicle and thickens
the endometrium.
The luteal phase follows ovulation, and is characterized
by the development of the corpus luteum, the secretion
of progesterone, the preparation of the endometrium for
implantation of a fertilized egg, and the formation of a
thick mucous to block the cervix once the egg passes
out of the fallopian tube.
The Menstrual Cycle
 Themenstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days;
approximately 1 month.
 One cycle is the amount of time from the
beginning of one period to the beginning of the
next period.
 The beginning of a period is marked by the
release of the blood and lining from the inside
of the uterus.
 This flow of blood typically lasts 3-7 days and is
called menstruation.
The Menstrual Cycle
 After menstruation, the ovaries release hormones
that tell the uterus to grow a new lining and prepare
to receive a new egg.
 As the uterus prepares a new lining, one of the

ovaries releases an egg. This is called ovulation.

 Ovulation occurs about halfway through a

woman’s cycle.
 The egg travels through the Fallopian tube. If it is

not fertilized it breaks down and is released with

the lining and blood of the uterus.
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
The Menstrual Cycle and
Fertilization
 If
the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, the egg
will implant in the lining of the uterus and
begin to develop.
 Zygote: The first cells of a new organism; the time
from fertilization to implantation.
 Embryo: The zygote is called an embryo from
implantation to 8 weeks.
 Fetus: After 8 weeks of development, the embryo
is known as a fetus.
 *To get from zygote to fetus, mitosis and
differentiation occurs
 At the moment of conception, a
single sperm with 23
chromosomes (carrying genetic
information from the
father)penetrates/fertilizes a
single egg with 23
The fertilized egg chromosomes (carrying genetic
implants in the uterus. information from the mother).
Progesterone The resulting cell, a zygote, now
production increases to has 46 chromosomes. The cell
signal a pregnancy; it begins dividing and is also
can be detected in called a blastocyst. From week
urine and blood. 2-8, it is called an embryo.
 Labor, characterized by
muscle contractions, dilation
(to 10 cm) and effacement
(thinning)of the cervix, and
expulsion of the mucous
plug that formed in the
cervix, signals the onset of
parturition… the childbirth
process. The cephalic, or
head-first delivery, is the
most common. Breech is a
The umbilical cord is cut backward presentation;
and clamped, and placenta Caesarian is delivery
(afterbirth) is delivered through an incision in the
following birth of the baby. abdomen.
Placenta
 Siteof diffusion of nutrients and gases
between mother and developing child

 Mother and developing child’s blood never

mix
 Pregnancy can be
complicated by certain
conditions:
1.Placenta previa is the
development of the
placenta over the
opening of the cervix
2.Preeclampsia is a
pregnancy- induced
hypertension (high blood
pressure)
3. Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is the loss of
a fetus during the first 20 weeks, often due to
abnormalities, trauma, or lifestyle choices.