CE 226-18 HYDROLOGY

SURFACE RUN OFF

Engr. Roger De Sesto

RUN OFF
• Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation
water [or any other flow]. Applied which leaves
a field either as surface or as subsurface flow.

• When rainfall intensity reaching the soil

surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all
the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain
continues soil becomes saturated and
infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow
depression begins to fill with water, then the
over flow starts.
TYPES OF RUN OFF
• SURFACE RUN OFF
• SUBSURFACE RUN OFF
• BASE FLOW
SURFACE RUN OFF
• It is that portion of rainfall which enters the
stream immediately after the rainfall. It
occurs when all losses are satisfied and if
rain is still continued, with the rate greater
than infiltration rate; at this stage the
excess water makes a head over the
ground surface (surface detention) which
tends to move from one place to another,
known as overland flow. As soon as the
overland flow joins to the streams, channels
or oceans, termed as surface runoff.
SUBSURFACE RUN OFF

That part of rainfall, which first leaches into

the soil and moves laterally without joining
the water - table to the Streams Rivers or
oceans is known as sub - surface runoff. It
takes very little time to reach the river or
channel in comparison to ground water.
The sub - surface runoff is usually referred
as interflow.
 BASE FLOW

It is a delayed flow, defined as that part of rainfall

which after tailing on the ground surface infiltrated into
the soil and meets to the water table and flow to the
streams oceans etc. The movement of water in this
type of runoff is very slow that is why it is also referred
as delayed runoff. It takes a long time to join the rivers
or oceans. Some times base flow is also known as
ground water flow. Thus,
Total Runoff = Surface runoff + Base flow (Including
sub - surface runoff)
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
AFFECTING RUN OFF:
• Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet etc.)
• Rainfall intensity
• Rainfall duration
• Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
• Direction of storm movement
• Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting
soil moisture
• Other meteorological and climatic conditions that
affect evapotranspiration such as temperature,
wind, relative humidity, and season
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AFFECTING RUN OFF:
• Land use
• Vegetation
• Soil type
• Drainage area
• Basin shape
• Elevation
• Topography, especially the slope of the land
• Drainage network patterns
• Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc. in the basin, which
prevent or delay run off from continuing downstream
NATURAL FLOW

• Stream flow in its natural condition

unaffected by works of a man such as
reservoirs and diversion structures on a
stream.
• The natural flow (virgin flow) volume in
time Δt at the terminal point of a
catchment is expressed by water balance
equation as:
RN =(Ro -Vt)+Vd +E+Ex +ΔS
N o d x
Where:
• RN=Natural volume flow in time Δt
• Ro =Observed flow volume in time Δt at the terminal
site
• Vt =Volume of return flow from irrigation, domestic
water supply, and industrial use
• Vd=Volume diverted out of the stream for irrigation,
domestic water supply and industrial use
• E=Net evaporation losses from reservoirs on the stream
• Ex=Net export of water from the basin
• ΔS=Change in the storage volumes of water storage
bodies on the stream
EFFECTS OF SURFACE RUN
OFF:

EROSION AND DEPOSITION:

• Surface run off can cause erosion of the
earth's surface; eroded material may be
deposited considerable distance away.
There are four main types of soil erosion:
• Splash Erosion is the result of mechanical
collision of raindrops with the soil surface.
SHEET EROSION
• It is the overland transport of sediment by
runoff without a well-defined channel.
RILL EROSION
• It is the small well-defined channels which
formed from soil surface roughness that
cause run off to become concentrated
into narrower flow paths.
GULLY EROSION

• It can transport large amount of eroded

material in a small time period.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

AGRICULTURAL ISSUES
• Involves the transport of agricultural chemicals
(nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides
etc.) via surface run off. This result occurs when
chemical use is excessive or poorly timed with
respect to high precipitation. The resulting
contaminated run off represents not only a
waste of agricultural chemicals but also an
environmental threat to downstream
ecosystems.
FLOODING

• Occurs when a watercourse is unable to

convey the quantity of runoff flowing
downstream.
SURFACE RUN OFF
MEASUREMENT

• Infiltration and surface run off simulating

extreme precipitation
• Surface run off with natural precipitation
• Run off (flow through) in a catchment areas
used for farming.
HYDROGRAPH

A plot or graph showing the rate of flow

(discharge) versus time past on a specific
point.
 FACTORS AFFECTING SHAPE OF
HYDROGRAPH

• Climatic factors
– Form of precipitation
• Rainfall and snow fall – rainfall tends to produce
runoff rapidly generating hydrograph with high peak
and narrow base
– Rainfall Intensity
• Affect volume of runoff , occurrence of peak flow,
duration of surface flow
 FACTORS AFFECTING SHAPE OF
HYDROGRAPH

• Higher the intensity quicker the peak flow and conical

hydrograph
– Duration of rainfall
• Longer the duration more the volume
• Longer duration, peak flow occur after longer time and
hydrograph is flatter with broad base
– Distribution of rainfall
• When heavy rain occur near outlet
– Peak flow occur quickly
• When heavy rain occur in upper areas
– Peak flow occur after few hours
 TYPES OF HYDROGRAPH

• Annual hydrographs showing the variation of daily or

weekly or 10 daily mean flows over a year.
• Monthly hydrographs showing the variation of daily
mean flows over a month.
• Seasonal hydrographs depicting the variation of the
discharge in a particular season such as the monsoon
season or dry season.
• Flood hydrographs or hydrographs due to a storm
representing stream flow due to a storm over a
catchment.
RUN OFF CALCULATION
USING RATIONAL METHOD

• The rational method for storm run off calculation

for sewer design is defined in the relationship:
Q= C i A
Where: Q=maximum rate of run off (m³/hr)
C=run off coefficient
i=average rainfall intensity , for the
period max rainfall of a given frequency of
occurrence having a duration equal to the time
required for the entire drainage area to
contribute flow (m/hr)
A= drainage area
When i is expressed mm/hr and A is in km², the
formula becomes:
Q= 0.278 CiA (m³/s)
i=mm/hr
A=km²

If the value of C is not given, then it can be

computed using:
C=t/8+t (for impervious
surfaces)
C=0.3t/20+t (for pervious surfaces)
 Intensity formula: i=A/t+B

where: i=precipitation rate (mm/hr)

t=duration (min)
A & B=constant depending on location
frequency of rainfall

Using Talbots formula: i=105/t+15 (i= in/hr)

 PROBLEM:

The figure shown records the area, relative imperviousness, and inlet time
of every drainage district shown. Compute the runoff in each line of the
storm sewer assuming a velocity to be 1.0 m/s.
For rainfall Intensity use: i=3300/t+19
A = 0.6 ha.
A C = 0.7
Inlet time = D
5mins Line 1 = A = 1.4 ha.
B A = 1.2 ha. 100m C = 0.8
A = 1.0 ha. C
C = .24 Inlet time =
C = 0.5
Inlet time = 4mins
Inlet time =
7mins 6mins

Line 2 =
EA = 1.2 ha.
C = 0.4
80m
Line 3 = Inlet time =
110m 11mins

Line 4
Outfall
THANK YOU!!!!