BATU MULIA (gemstone)
Teknik Geologi - ITB
GEMSTONES
Beberapa mineral dan batuan
dikenal sebagai batu mulia atau
gemstones.
berharga karena kenampakan
alamnya atau setelah digosok.
Sifat fisik yang mempengaruhi
kualitas batu mulia kekerasan,
warna dan kilap.
Characteristics and classification
Gemstones are described by gemologists using
technical specifications.
First, what is it made of, or its chemical composition :
= Diamonds for example are made of carbon (C),
= Rubies of aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by
crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic.
Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in.
For example diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are
often found as octahedrons.
Characteristics and classification
For example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum,
while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire.
Emerald (green), aquamarine (blue), bixbite (red), goshenite
(colorless), heliodor (yellow), and morganite (pink) are all
varieties of the mineral species beryl.
= Gems have refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity,
hardness, cleavage, fracture, and lustre.
= They may exhibit pleochroism or double refraction.
= They may have luminescence and a distinctive
absorption spectrum.
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
Characteristics and classification
Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions.
The gem may occur in certain locations, called the
"occurrence."
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
MALACHITE
botryoidal and banded
CORRUNDUM IN
ORTOCLASE
CORRUNDUM RUBY
CORRUNDUM SAPPHIRE
(BURMA)
GEMSTONES
EMERALD
RUBY
SAPPHIRE AMETHYS
GEMSTONES
OPAL TOPAZ
PERIDOT AQUAMARINE
NATURAL OPALS
GEMSTONES
Olivin / Peridot
GEMSTONES
RUBY
GEMSTONES
Value
Characteristics that make a stone beautiful or
desirable are
= colour,
= unusual optical phenomena within the stone,
= an interesting inclusion such as a fossil,
= rarity,
= and sometimes the form of the natural crystal.
Value
Traditionally, common gemstones were classified into
precious stones (cardinal gems) and semi-precious stones.
The first category was largely determined by a history of
ecclesiastical, devotional or ceremonial use and rarity.
Only 5( five) types of gemstones were considered
precious diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, and amethyst.
Rare or unusual gemstones, which occur so infrequently in
gem quality that they are scarcely known, include andalusite,
axinite, cassiterite, clinohumite and iolite.
GEMSTONES
BAHAN MENTAH (RAW MATERIAL)
OPAL ditemui sebagai urat /
pengisi rekahan
OPAL ditemui sebagai urat /
pengisi rekahan
AMETHYS (kecubung) termasuk Precious Stones
(bersama diamond, ruby, sapphire & emerald).
Adanya penemuan melimpah (terutama di Brazilia),
menjadikan salah satu sifat amethys sebagai precious stone
(jarang/sulit didapat) menjadi berkurang, shg cenderung
dimasukkan dalam kelompok Semi Precious Stones
AMETHYS (kecubung)
hadir sebagai urat/
pengisi rekahan
AMETHYS (kecubung)
hadir sebagai urat/
pengisi rekahan
AMETHYS (kecubung)
hadir sebagai urat/
pengisi rekahan
EMERALD hadir
sebagai urat/ pengisi
rekahan
PENDULANGAN
BATUMULIA DI
SRILANGKA
Untuk menjadi
menarik
perlu proses
(treatment)
Treatments applied to gemstones
Gemstones are often treated to enhance the color or clarity of
the stone. Depending on the type and extent of treatment, they
can affect the value of the stone.
Some treatments are used widely and accepted in practice
while others are not accepted.
1. Heat
When heated, yellow and white topaz turn differing shades of
pink or green. Amethyst, Aquamarine, Ruby, Tanzanite and
Topaz are often heated at high temperatures to enhance color
2. Radiation
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/
Treatments applied to gemstones
2. Radiation
Most blue topaz, especially the darker blues such as "London"
blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to
blue.
It is common to irradiate Aquamarine, London Blue Topaz,
Emerald, and Diamond as well as other stones. This treatment
brings out color and removes imperfections.
3a. Waxing/Oiling
Emeralds contain natural fissures that are sometimes filled
with wax or oil to disguise them. This wax or oil is also colored
to make the emerald appear of better color as well as clarity.
Emerald is oiled; turquoise is waxed
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
Treatments applied to gemstones
3b. Dye (Coloring)
This is the most common treatment used. On clear stones, dye
may be visible in cracks that are darker than the rest of the
stone. Lapis and Rose Quartz are commonly dyed. Amethyst
and Citrine are often dyed. Black Onyx is permanently dyed in
normal processing.
4. Coatings
More recently, some gemstones have been enhanced with a
coating that changes the color and appearance of the gem.
For instance, topaz is sometimes treated with a layer of
titanium dioxide that changes the color to golden with some
iridescence. Jasper is often dipped in petroleum products to
bring out color and to seal it.
Treatments applied to gemstones
5. Fake stones
Some dealers will try passing off fake stones instead of natural
ones. If a stone looks too perfect it may be fake, irradiated or
dyed. Laboratory made products are known as synthetics.
6. Factors influencing esteem
Factors influencing the esteem in which gems are held are
attractiveness, durability, rarity, fashion, and size.
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/
Synthetic and Artificial Gemstones
Some gemstones are manufactured to imitate other
gemstones.
For example, cubic zirconia is a synthetic diamond simulant
composed of zirconium oxide.
The imitations copy the look and colour of the real stone but
possess neither their chemical nor physical characteristics.
However, true synthetic gemstones are not necessarily
imitation.
For example, diamonds, ruby, sapphires and emeralds have
been manufactured in labs, which possess very nearly
identical chemical and physical characteristics to the genuine
article.
Synthetic and Artificial Gemstones
Synthetic corundums, including ruby and sapphire, are very
common and they cost only a fraction of the natural stones.
Smaller synthetic diamonds have been manufactured in large
quantities as industrial abrasives for many years.
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg
http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/
GEMSTONES
NATURAL OPALS
SYNTHETIC OPALS
Gemstone List
There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut
into gems with 50 species in common use. These include:
Agate
Alexandrite and other varieties of chrysoberyl
Amethyst (originally a "cardinal gem", but now no longer so,
since huge quantities were discovered in Brazil and the
price plummeted)
Aquamarine and other varieties of beryl
Chrysocolla , Chrysoprase , Diamond , Emerald , Feldspar
(moonstone)
Garnet , Hematite , Jade - jadeite and nephrite , Jasper ,
Kunzite
Gemstone List
There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut
into gems with 50 species in common use. These include:
Lapis lazuli , Malachite Obsidian , Olivine (Peridot) , Opal
(Girasol)
Pyrite ,
Quartz and its varieties, such as tiger's-eye, citrine, agate,
and amethyst , Ruby , Sapphire,
Spinel , Sugilite
Tanzanite and other varieties of zoisite
Topaz , Turquoise , Tourmaline, Zircon
Minerals that infrequently occur in gem
quality form:
Andalusite , Axinite , Benitoite ,
Bixbite (Red beryl)
Cassiterite , Clinohumite , Iolite , Kornerupine
Natural moissanite
Zeolite (Thomsonite)
Artificial or Synthetic Materials used as
gems include:
High-lead glass
Synthetic cubic zirconia
Synthetic corundum
Synthetic spinel
Synthetic moissanite
There are a number of Organic Materials
used as gems, including:
Amber , Bone , Coral , Ivory
Jet (lignite)
Mother of pearl
Ammolite - from fossils formed from the shells of
extinct
ammonites, pearl
AMBER
as gemstone
AMBER
as gemstone
ORGANIC GEMS
AMBER
GETAH TANAMAN,
SEJENIS DAMAR
AMBER ROOM
OF KING FREDERICK-I OF PRUSSIA,
DIAMOND
KENAMPAKAN INTAN DI LAPANGAN
INTAN ditemukan di Martapura
thn 2007 (Foto Sudjatmiko, 2008)
KENAMPAKAN INTAN DI LAPANGAN
Perhatikan perwakannya, apa sistem
kristalnya??
Intan
(diamond)
http://www.ckglobaldiamond.com/images/properties-kimberlite.png
terbentuk pada
zona dengan
tekanan tinggi
di mantel bumi,
terbawa naik
mendekati
permukaan oleh
magma
berkomposisi
kimberlit.
Intan (diamond) ditemukan
sebagai fragmen
(xenocryst) dalam batuan
berkomposisi kimberlitik.
http://www.ckglobaldiamond.com/images/properties-kimberlite.png
DIAMOND
Diamond is prized highly as a gemstone
since it is the hardest naturally occurring
substance known
and is able to reflect light with fire
and sparkle when faceted.
However, diamonds are far from rare with
millions of carats mined each year.
KUALITAS INTAN
KUALITAS INTAN
4-C
C-ut untuk kilau
C-olor kemurnian komposisi
C-larity kondisi fisik
C-arat berat atau dimensi
INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)
INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)
INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)
INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)
INTAN (DIAMOND)
http://
www.diamondexchange.com.au/i/
dxx/education/cut_chart.jpg
model potongannya (diamond cut)
INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)
http://www.twincitydiamonds.com/images/depthofdiamonds2complete_000.JPG
CARAT refers to the weight of the diamond.
One carat equals 1/5 of a gram or 200 mgrs.
A five-carat diamond weighs one gram.
Diamonds weights are measured in carats or
fraction of carats called points, with 100 points
equalling one carat or two-tenths (0.20) of a
gram (i.e. 142, one-carat diamonds would weigh
one (1) avoirdupois ounce).
CARAT:
A carat is a measurement used to signify the weight of
the diamond. It is the most precise of the four C's.
Diamonds are weighed in metric carats; one carat
equals 1/5 gram or approximately 0.007 ounces. It
takes a little over 142 carats to equal 1 ounce. Every
carat is divided into 100 points. Therefore, a 50-point
diamond is also called a ½ carat. Diamond weight is so
precise that polished diamonds are weighed to a
thousandth of a carat and then rounded off to the
nearest hundredth (point).
Diamonds weighing less than 20 points are often called
melee. Another term often used is the term grain, or
grainer.
The World's Largest Rough, Uncut,
Diamonds
Cullinan - 3,106.75 ct. - 1905, South Africa
Excelsior - 995.20ct. - 1893, South Africa
Star of Sierra Leone - 968.80ct. - 1972, S-Leone
Zale - 890.00ct. - 1984, Africa
Great Mogul - 787.50ct. - 1650, India
Woyie River - 770.00ct. - 1945, Sierra Leone
Presidente Vargas - 726.60ct. - 1938, Brazil
Jonker - 726.00ct. - 1934, South Africa
Reitz - 650.80ct. - 1895, South Africa
Unnamed - 620.14ct. - 1984, South Africa
INTAN (DIAMOND)
Dimensi ; ukuran, berat
72 carats
478 carats 84 carats
Koh I Noor (Mountain of Light) dari India
semula 793 karat, setelah pemrosesan dll
menjadi 109 karat unt mahkota Ratu Inggris Inggris
Tips on Buying Gemstones
Generally, the price of any gemstone is determined
by: size, cut, quality (color/clarity/treatments), and
type.
Here are some questions to ask about quality:
= Has it been treated?
= Is the stone natural or synthetic?
= Are there any noticeable scratches, chips or
inclusions?
= Is the color even throughout the stone?
= How good is the color?
SEKIAN DULU
untuk minggu ini
ada yg ingin
ditanyakan
kah??
TERIMA KASIH
