Electrical Installation

1
Chapter One

2
Wiring materials and accessories

 In order to assemble properly and intelligently the

great number of available electrical device,
fittings, materials and equipment to form a
complete wiring system, we must understand the
basic principle regarding them.

3
Wire and Cable
 The terms wire and cable are used more or less
synonymously in house wiring.
 Ideally. single wire, may be bare or covered with
insulation is known as a wire and several wires
stranded together is known as a cable.
 But in practice bare conductors, whether single or
stranded together are termed as wire and conductors
covered with insulation are termed as cables.
 The necessary requirements of a cable are should be
conduct electricity efficiently, cheaply and safely.

4
Cont…
A cable consists of three parts.
1. The conductor or core; the metal wire or
strand of wires carrying the current.
2. The insulation or dielectric; a covering of
insulating material to avoid leakage current
from the conductor.
3. The protective covering; for protection of
insulation from mechanical damage.

5
1. Conductor materials used in cables

Copper and aluminum are the materials used as conductors

in power and lighting cables



1. Copper.
 Though silver is the best conductor but due to its higher

cost it is hardly used in anywhere. The next best conductor

is copper. It is cheaper comparatively. The electrical

resistivity of pure copper at 200c is 1.786x10-8 0hm-m. It is

mechanically strong, hard, extremely tough, durable and

ductile. It is highly resistive to corrosion.

6
Cont…
2. Aluminum.
 Aluminum is frequently used in place of copper for
bare electric cables used for long distance power
distribution. The electrical conductivity of
aluminum is about 60% of that of copper (2.87x10-8
0hm-m at 200c) so for the same resistance for a
given length. The aluminum required will be 1.61
times that of copper in volume and 1.25 times of
that of copper in diameter.

7
Cont…
 It is applicable for Continuous bus-bar system of distribution, used

sometimes in blocks of flats or office building for rising mains and

sub-mains of larger sectional area.

Conductors consist properties like;

 Strength
 Ductility
 Availability
 Conductivity
 Cheapness
 High resistance to moisture

8
2. Insulating Materials

The insulating material used in electric cable must possess the

following properties
 High resistivity
 High flexibility
 Non-inflammability
 High resistivity to moisture or alkalis quality.

9
1. Rubber:
 Rubber may be natural or synthetic.
 Its dielectric strength is 30KV/mm. Though it possesses high
insulating qualities, it absorbs moisture readily.
 Softens when heated to a temperature of 600C to 700C
 swells under the action of mineral oils and ages when exposed
to light.
 Pure rubber cannot be used as insulating material

10
2. PVC:
 Polyvinyl Chloride is a man made thermo plastic which
is tough, incombustible and chemically uncreative.
 Its chief drawback is that it softens above 800C.
 It does not deteriorate with age.
PVC insulated cables are usually employed for low and
medium voltage domestic and industrial lights and power
installations.

11
3. Vulcanized India rubber:
 it is prepared by mixing India rubber with minerals such as
sulphur, zinc, red lead etc.
 The Copper conductors in this cable are tinned to protect
them from corrosive action of rubber on copper.
 It absorbs water which reduces its insulation properties and
becomes brittle with age.
 The use of VIR is limited to low voltage distribution and
internal wiring.

12
4. Impregnated Paper:
 It is quite cheap, has low capacitance, high dielectric
strength (30KV/mm) and high insulation resistivity (10
Mohm-cm).
 The main advantage of paper insulated cables is that a
cable given size can be worked out at a higher current
density than a vulcanized India rubber cable.
 It is used for underground power cables.

13
3. Mechanical Protection:
 All the insulating materials used in the manufacture of
cables are mechanically weak.
 So requires some form of protection against mechanical
injury.
 Mechanical protection is usually provided to power cables
laid direct in the ground by providing two layers of steel tape
in such a way that upper layer covers the joint in the lower
layer.

14
Type of cable used in Internal
wiring
 The wires used for internal wiring of building may be divided
into different groups
1. According to the number of cores, cables can be divided as single core,
twin core, twin core with ECC( earth continuity conductor) cables
2. According the voltage grade cables can be grouped into 250/440volt,
650/1100volt

3. According the insulation type

4. Cable size
5. The type of conductor used

15
Colour Identification of bare conductors and cable core (EEPCo's Regulation)

Conductors Type of Colour

Earthing White

Live of AC Single-Phase Circuit Green

Neutral of AC Single-Phase or Three-Phase Circuit Black

Phase R of Three-Phase AC Circuit Green

Phase S of Three-Phase AC Circuit Yellow

Phase T of Three-Phase AC Circuit Red

16
1.5. Conduits
The commonest method of installing cables is to draw them into
conduits. Conduits can be steel, plastic. In general conduits can
be classified as
1. Light gauge steel (unscrewed) conduit
2. Heavy gauge (screwed) conduit
3. Flexible conduit
4. PVC conduit

17
Cont…
1.Light gauge steel (unscrewed)
conduit:
 Used with special grip fittings.
 It is available with an external diameter of 12mm, 16mm, 19mm,
25mm, 31mm, 38mm and 50mm.
 This is the cheapest and quickest

 Should be used in dry and less mechanical damage location .

2.Heavy gauge (screwed) conduit:
 It is expensive but provides permanent installation with maximum
protection of cables.
 The joints into fittings by means of screw threads which provide

mechanical strength and good electrical continuity

 Available in 3m length.

18
Cont…
3. Flexible conduit:
 Consists of light galvanized steel with internal diameter of
19mm to 50mm with an external covering of PVC.
 Available in lengths up to 250 meter.
 So no coupling and threading is required.
 Easily bent so no elbow required.
 One of the most common uses of flexible conduits is for
protecting the final connections to motors.

19
Cont…
4. PVC conduit:
 Are widely used in internal wiring
 They are light in weight, shock proof ,anti termite,
 Self extinguishing
 Fire resistant,
 acid and alkaline resistant

20
Conduit Accessories and fittings

1. Conduit coupler: used to join 3m to 5m two lengths of conduits.

2. Bents, Elbow and Tee: Bends are used for change in direction of
conduit.
 The bends should never be sharp.
 The minimum allowable radius of curvature is 2.5 times the
outside diameter of the conduit.
 Elbow and Tee should be used only at the end of the conduit run.
3. Conduit boxes: used for surface and concealed conduit wiring with
different design used for the following purposes

21
Cont…
1. For providing connection to light, fan and other
points and are called outlet boxes.
2. For pulling cables into conduits are called inspection
boxes.
3. For housing junction of cable are called Junction
boxes.

22
Protective Devices
1. Fuse
 A fuse element consists essentially of a piece of copper or tin-
lead alloy wire which will melt when carrying a predetermined
current.
 This element with contacts, carrier and base is called a fuse.
 It is placed in series with the circuit to be protected, and
automatically breaks the circuit when over loaded.
 In most cases of installation work, the fuses are fitted in a
distribution board.
 The time for blowing out of a fuse depends upon the magnitude of
excess current.
 The large the fault current the more rapidly the fuse blows.

23
Cont…
Advantages of fuses
 Cheaper type of protection.
 It requires no maintenance
 It interrupts enormous short circuit current without noise, flame,
gas or smoke.
 It has current limiting effect.
Disadvantages of fuses
 Time is lost in re-wiring or replacing fuses often operation.
 It is used for low voltage protection.

24
2. Circuit Breakers

 It is a device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic

means, and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined over
current without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
 So, a circuit breaker is combination device composed of a manual
switch and an over current device.
 A circuit breaker has several advantages over any type of fuse.
1. In the event of fault or overload, all the poles are simultaneously
disconnected from the supply.
2. Overload and time-lags are capable of adjustment within limits.
3. The circuit can be closed again quickly onto the fault safely.

25
Cont…
 Essentially a circuit breaker consists of carefully calibrated
bimetallic strip. As current flows through the strip, heat is created
and the strip bends. If enough current flows through the strip, it
bends enough to release a trip that opens the contacts, interrupting
the circuit just as it is interrupted when a fuse blows or a switch
opened. A circuit breaker can be considered a switch that opens
itself in case of overload.
 Standard Ratings: Both fuse and circuit breakers are available in
the standard ratings of 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125,
160, 224, 250, 300A and large sizes.

26
Cont…
 Three terms are used in connection with fuses
1. Current rating: This is the maximum current that fuse will
carry indefinitely with out over heating or melting of the fuse.
2. Fusing current: This is the minimum current that will blow
the fuse.
3. Fusing factor: This is the ratio of the minimum fusing current
to the current rating.

27
Distribution Board
 A distribution board is an assemblage of parts, including one or more
fuses or circuit breakers, arranged for the distribution of electrical
energy to final circuits or to other sub-distribution boards.
 It consists of a case inside which is a frame holding the number of
fuse (circuit breaker) carries.
 Behind the frame or sometimes along side or above it, is a bus-bar to
which the incoming sub-main is connected.
 From the bus-bar there is connection provided to one side of each
fuse way (circuit breaker).
 Each final sub-circuit is then connected by the installer to the
outgoing terminal of the fuse ways.
 A second bus-bar is provided to which the incoming neutral and the
neutral of the outgoing circuits are connected.
28
Cont…
 The standard distribution boards usually have 4, 6, 8,10,12,18
or 24 fuse ways. Both single-phase and three-phase are
available.
 It is not necessary to utilize all the available fuse ways on a
board, and in fact it is very desirable to leave several spare
ways on each board for future extensions.

29
Chapter Two

30
Systems of Distribution Board of Electrical
Energy
 Depending on the power demand of the consumer
EEPCO will supply the consumer with either three-
phase or single-phase.
 If the power demand exceeds 8KW it is usually
necessary to supply power with three-phase, four wires
of which the three are the phase (live) and the fourth is
the neutral.

31
Cont…
The following figure shows a distribution system of an
installation.

32
Cont…
 The mains cable is the one which carry the total current of the
installation.
 The sub-mains cable is one that feeds to the sub-distribution
board.
 A circuit is group of lamps, socket outlets or single device like
cooker or electric 'Mitad' that is protected by a circuit breaker.
 A final circuit is a circuit that doesn't feed other circuits.
 If one circuit feeds another it is called a sub-circuit.

33
Cont…
The following figure shows a typical small residential house
installation supplied with single phase.

34
Cont…
 Almost all home appliances, such as lamps, heaters, fans, electric irons, etc.

are mostly designed to operate using single-phase.

 Buildings with block of flats are typically supplied with three-phase. Its basic

installation must consist of

1. Separate KWH meter and DB for each user.

2. Adequate vertical and horizontal service cables to ensure the supply of

electrical energy to each user.

3. SDB to each floor with adequate protective and control devices.

4. Wiring and cable ducts that are safely isolated from water pipes and/ or

telephone or low voltage circuits.

35
Cont…
 In such multi-story buildings the supply (3-Φ, 4 wires) is
taken in the basement. The copper conductors of large cross-
section are installed to form what is known as rising mains.

36
CHAPTER THREE

37
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Basically, all designs follow the same procedure:
1. Assessment of general characteristics

2. Determination of design current- Ib

3. Selection of protective device having nominal rating or setting-I n

4. Selection of appropriate rating factors-Iz

5. Calculation of tabulated conductor current -I t

6. Selection of suitable conductor size
7. Calculation of voltage drop
8. Evaluation of shock risk
9. Evaluation of thermal risks to conductors .

38
Cont…
 Let us now consider these steps in greater detail.
 We have already dealt with ‘assessment of general
characteristics’, and clearly one result of such assessment will
be the determination of the type and disposition of the
installation circuits.
 Having made the choice of system and cable type, the next
stage is to determine the design current.

39
1. Assessment of general characteristics
 Regardless of whether the installation is a whole one, an addition, or
an alteration, there will always be certain design criteria to be
considered before calculations are carried out.
 Assessment of General Characteristics’, indicates four main headings
under which these considerations should be addressed. These are:
1. Purpose, supplies and structure
2. External influences
3. Compatibility
4. Maintainability.

40
1. Purpose, supplies and structure
1. For a new design, will the installation be suitable for its intended purpose?

2. For a change of usage, is the installation being used for its intended purpose?

3. If not, can it be used safely and effectively for any other purpose?

4. Has the maximum demand been evaluated?

5. Can diversity be taken into account?

6. Are the supply and earthing characteristics suitable?

7. Are the methods for protection for safety appropriate?

8. If standby or safety supplies are used, are they reliable?

9. Are the installation circuits arranged to avoid danger and facilitate safe

operation?

41
2. External influences
 The IEE Regulations classifies external influences which may affect
an installation. This classification is divided into three sections,
 The environment (A), how that environment is utilized (B)
 Construction of buildings (C)
 The nature of any influence within each section is also represented by
a number.
 With external influences included on drawings and in specifications,
installations and materials used can be designed accordingly

42
3. Compatibility
 It is of great importance to ensure that damage to, or mal-operation of
equipment cannot be caused by harmful effects generated by
other equipment even under normal working conditions.
 For example, MIMS cable (Mineral Insulated Metal Sheath) should
not be used in conjunction with discharge lighting, as the insulation
can break down when subjected to the high starting voltages;
 The operation of RCDs may be impaired by the magnetic fields of
other equipment; computers, PLCs, etc. may be affected by normal
earth leakage currents from other circuits.

43
4. Maintainability
 All installations require maintaining, some more than others,
and due account of the frequency and quality of maintenance
must be taken at the design stage.
 It is usually the industrial installations that are mostly affected
by the need for regular maintenance, and consultation with
those responsible for the work is essential in order to ensure that
all testing, maintenance and repair can be effectively and safely
carried out.

44
2. Design Current -IB

45
3. Nominal rating or setting of protection In
 We have seen earlier that the first requirement for In is
that it should be greater than or equal to Ib.
 We can select for this condition from IEE Regulations.
 For types and sizes outside the scope of these tables,
details from the manufacturer will need to be sought.

46
4. Rating Correction factors - IZ
 When the cable of an installation carries the current rating of
that installation, becomes heated but it doesn’t have problem.
 But, when the heated cable is subjected to external factors such
as surrounding temperature, grouping of cables, Unclear
over currents and thermal effect that can add heat that, then
it damages the insulation and cable.
 There are several conditions which may have an adverse effect
on conductors and insulation, and in order to protect against
this, rating factors (CFs) are applied. These are

47
Cont…

48
If Iz represents the current rating of the conductor and In the rating of the protective
device, then

Iz =

Where: Cg - Coefficient for Cable grouping

Ca - Coefficient for Ambient Temperature

Ci - Coefficient for thermal insulation, if applicable

1.45- the fusing factor for over current protective device, if applicable
Ci=0.75 if only one side of the cable is in contact with thermal insulation
material
Ci= 0.50 if the cable completely surrounded by thermal insulation material

49
Cont…

50
Correction Factor For Ambient Temperature

51
Example
A single phase , 4Kw, load of PF=0.9 fed by a PVC
insulated and sheathed copper cable. The
insulation condition involves the cable being run
with four other similar circuits surrounded by glass
fiber thermal insulation, the ambient temperature
is 400c, protection is provided by MCB. Determine
the current carrying capacity of the cable and the
size of the cable required to feed the load.

52
4. Selection of suitable conductor size
 During the early stages of the design, the external influences
will have been considered, and a method of circuit installation
chosen.
 It is important to select the appropriate method in the current
rating tables.
 Having selected the correct cable rating table and relevant
reference method, the conductor size is determined to
correspond with It.

53
Cont…

54
Diversity or Demand Factor (Df)
 The application of diversity to an installation permits, by
assuming that not all loads will be energized at the same time, a
reduction in main or distribution circuit cable sizes.
The IEE Regulations guidance notes or On-Site Guide tabulate
diversity in the form of percentages of full load for various circuits
in a range of installations.
However it is for the designer to make a careful judgment as to the
exact level of diversity to be applied.

55
Cont…
Diversity Factor Load Type
Lighting 0.7-0.9
Heating Load
1. Water Heater 0.2-0.3
2. Stove 0.2
3. Iron 0.3
Motor 0.7-0.9
Office Equipment 0.3-0.5
Socket outlet 0.3-0.5

56
 Voltage Drop
 Voltage Drop in an installation means the voltage difference
between the voltage measured at the DB, and the voltage
reaching ( e.g. Lamp, SO, Heater, motor)
 Voltage drops across the length of the conductor feeding the
load.
 The conductor has its own resistance given by:

57
Example:

Suppose we have a circuit feeding a load which takes 10A

at 220v by means of a 100m long pair of conductors. The
conductor is copper with cross sectional area of 1.5mm 2 .
Determine the voltage drop.

58
Cont….

 10% the supply represents a significant power loss in the form of Heat.
 According to EEPCO’S regulation, it is specified that the maximum voltage
drop in any installation shouldn't exceed 4% of the nominal(rated) supply.

For single phase, Voltage drop max.= 4%*220V= 8.8V

For three phase, Voltage drop max.= 4%*380V= 15.2V

59
Cont…

60
61
Solution

62
Maximum Length or Run

63
Example:

64
Cont…

65
CHAPTER FOUR

ILLUMINATION

66
 Introduction
 Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Light radiates and can travel unlimited distances through space.
 Light rays can however, be reflected, transmitted or absorbed when they

strike an object.
 The visible spectrum is only a small part of the full electromagnetic spectrum
 The main source of our natural light is the sun, which has a core temperature of

approximately 10,000,000 K but a surface temperature which is a relatively

cool 6,000 K.
 It is this surface temperature which determines the energy levels at the different

frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum.

67
Cont…

68
Cont…

69
 LIGHT SOURCES
 Light from natural sources such as the sun is known as white light and is
made up from the different frequency components of the visible spectrum.

70
Illumination
 Illumination refers to the provision of uniform and sufficient
lighting either by natural means(Sunlight) or artificial light
sources( electric lamps).

71
Terms used in Illumination
1. Luminous Flux ()
 It is the time rate of flow of light radiation or the
amount of light emitted per second by a light source.
 Its unit is Lumens(lm)
Example
1. Incandescent lamps(gas filled)---8-18lm/watt
2. Discharge lamps ------about 46-60lm/watt

72
Cont…

73
2. Luminous Intensity -I
 It is the luminous flux emitted per unit at a solid angle in a
given direction.
 It is the a measure of the power of light source and commonly
called Brightness.
 Its is candela (cd)
I= /S
Where:  is the luminous flux in lm
S is solid angle in steradian

74
3. Illumination -E

 The luminous flux falling on a surface per unit area.

 Its unit is Lux
E= /A(Lux)
4. Luminance –L
The luminous intensity(I) per unit of the apparent area of the
source of light or illuminated area
L= I/A (cd/m2 )

75
5. Coefficient of Utilization 
 This is a factor showing the ratio of the lumens reaching the
working area to the total lumens generated by light sources.
 It depends on the dimension of the room , the reflectance of
walls, ceilings and floors, the lamp output reflectors and
diffusers used, position of lamps and type lamps and mounting
height.
 For direct lighting…………………… 0.4-0.6
 For indirect lighting ……………….... 0.1-0.35

76
 Cont…
Utilization factor depends on 3 factors:

1. Type of Luminaire A luminaire with a concentrated light output

directed on the working plane will have a higher UF than a luminaire
with a dispersed light output.

77
Cont…

78
2. Room index
 This takes account of the length (L) and width (W) of the room
and the height of the luminaires above the working plane (Hm).

Where: L- Length of the room

W- Width of the room
Hm- Height of working plan

79
3. Reflectances of Room Surfaces.

80
Example:
Calculate the Utilization Factor for a room with the following
dimensions: Length 8m; Width 6m; Height 3m; height of
working plane 0.8m. The room reflectances are Ceiling 0.5;
Walls 0.3 and Floor 0.2
Solution:

81
Example 2:
A garage 20m long by 12m wide with a ceiling height of 6m is
required to be illuminated to a level of 200 lx at a working plane
height of 1 m. The luminaires will be suspended 2m below the
ceiling height. The reflectance's are as follows: Ceiling 0.5, Walls
0.5, Floor 0.2. Calculate The utilization factor

82
Cont…

83
6. Maintenance Factor—(MF )
 The ratio of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period
to the initial illuminance.
 The light obtained from a light source may be affected by
variables due to dire, ageing of lamps etc
 Therefore, MF = LSF x LLMF x LMF x RSMF
 The MF takes into account such effects.
 0.77 if the lamp fitting are likely to cleaned regularly
 0.67 if there is much dust.

84
Cont…
 LAMP LUMEN MAINTENANCE FACTOR (LLMF)

The proportion of light output of a lamp, after a specified number of hours

operation, to the initial light output of the lamp.((LLMF) light loss due

to lamp ageing)
 LAMP SURVIVAL FACTOR (LSF)-The % of lamps still operating in an

installation after a specified number of hours operation.

 ROOM SURFACE MAINTENANCE FACTOR (RSMF)-The proportion

of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period to the initial illuminance

taking account of the reduction in room reflectance's because of dirt and dust.

85
Cont…
 LUMINAIRE MAINTENANCE FACTOR (LMF)

The ratio of light output after a specified period of time to

initial light output of the luminaire. This takes account of

dirt and dust reducing the light output of the luminaire.(light

loss due to luminaire soiling)

 MF is maintenance or (the light loss LLF) factor. This factor
depends on the maintenance staff of the building, but in
general it is taken as 0.8 -0.9.

86
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

1. Rectilinear Propagation of light.

This means that light travels in straight lines. It travels at

300,000 km/S and requires no medium for propagation.

2. Inverse Square Law

In Figure below, the area illuminated by the point light source

increases in proportion to the square of the distance. It follows

that the average illuminance would decrease by the same ratio.

87
Cont…

88
3. Cosine Law

 When light does not fall normally on a surface, the area

illuminated increases reducing the average illuminance by the
same ratio.

89
Cont..
 Figure above shows light from a distant source striking surfaces
AB and BC. The rays of incident light may be taken as parallel

90
Example:

91
Cont..

92
4. Lumen method
 This method is most suitable for interior lighting design,
where a high proportion of light on the working plane is
reflected by internal surfaces.
 The lumen method, sometimes called the luminous flux
method of calculation, is normally used to calculate the
average illuminance (Lux) on working planes, or to calculate
the number of luminaires required providing a specified
average illuminance in rooms.

93
Cont…

Where: E-Recommended illumination level

A- Cross sectional area of the room
MF- Maintenance factor
UF- Coefficient of utilization
- Luminous flux

94
7. Space/Height Ratio (S/H)
 It is the ratio of horizontal distance between lamps to
mounting height of lamps.

 Depends on the type of reflectors used

 Lies between 1 and 2 for indoor lighting

95
Spacing to Height Ratio

96
Cont…
 Manufacturers will specify a recommended SHR for each of
their luminaires. Ensuring that luminaires are spaced within
the recommended value will mean an acceptable variation in
illuminance across the working plane. This is expressed in
terms of the Uniformity Ratio (see definitions).

97
Example:
 A factory area is 40m long, 20m wide and is 8m high. Point
source luminaires are suspended 1.5 metres below ceiling
level. The working plane is 1 meters high. Calculate the
minimum number of luminaires which must be installed to
conform with a recommended SHR of 1.5 : 1.

Hm = 8 - (1.5 + 1) = 5.5m
SHR = 1.5 : 1
Therefore S = 1.5 x 5.5 = 8.25m

98
Cont…

The minimum number to conform with SHR. requirement is 3

rows with 5 luminaires per row

The actual spacing is determined as follows:

99
Cont…

100
 Thank You.

Any Question
Any Comment

101