JEWETT’S RULE
CHARLES COFFIN JEWETT
• In 1852 Charles C. JewettOffsite
Link, librarian of the Smithsonian
InstitutionOffsite Link, published
On the Construction of
Catalogues of Libraries and Their
Publication by Means of
Separate Stereotyped Titles With
Rules and ExamplesOffsite Link.
In this work Jewett described a
plan for a national union
catalogue of public libraries.
THE KEY FEATURES OF JEWETT’S NATIONAL
UNION CATALOG RULES INCLUDED:
Author entry as the main point of access: This established the practice of
prioritizing authors over titles for cataloging purposes.
Uniformity in bibliographic description: Jewett proposed specific rules for
formatting entries, including title, author, edition, publication date, and
publisher.
Use of “stereotyped titles” for sharing: These printed slips enabled efficient
exchange of data between libraries, reducing redundancy and inconsistencies.
• Centralized production and distribution: Jewett envisioned a central agency
responsible for printing and distributing stereotyped titles to libraries.
IMPACT AND LEGACY:
• While Jewett’s National Union Catalog never materialized, his ideas
profoundly influenced the development of future union catalogs. The
Library of Congress Union Catalog, established in 1953, incorporated
many of Jewett’s principles, including standardized bibliographic entries
and author-based access. His work also contributed to the
standardization movement in library cataloging, laying the foundation
for cooperative cataloging efforts and eventually, online union catalogs
like WorldCat.
CHARLES JEWETT’S NATIONAL UNION
CATALOG (NUC) RULES:
• Outlined in his 1850 document “A Plan for Stereotyping Catalogs,” were
primarily concerned with establishing uniformity and standardization in
bibliographic entries across different libraries.
TITLES:
1. TITLES, INCLUDING THE NAMES OF AUTHORS, EDITORS,
TRANSLATORS, COMMENTATORS, CONTINUATORS, ETC., ARE TO BE
TRANSCRIBED IN FULL, PRECISELY AS THEY APPEAR ON THE TITLE-PAGE.
• In cataloging titles, transcribe names in full, avoiding omissions except for
non-essential details. Abridgments are permissible for printing, excluding
unnecessary elements. The principal entry must retain the original
phrasing without improvement. Cross-references are allowed, and author
names should be repeated in the title for stereotyping purposes. Though
time-consuming, transcribing titles fully is more efficient and accurate.
Exceptions for abridgment arise due to printing costs and catalog bulk, but
these are mitigated by stereotyping. No specific paper format is
mandated, but convenient methods, like cards, can be employed.
2. THE TITLES ARE TO BE TRANSCRIBED WITH
EXACTNESS.
• Titles must be transcribed precisely without translation by the
cataloguer. When original titles are in a language not using the Roman
alphabet, and a translation is provided in a Roman alphabet language,
the latter can be used. The exact wording, spelling, abbreviations,
punctuation, and accentuation of the original must be faithfully copied.
Remark [sic] is to be used for errors. The form of letters (Black Letter,
Italic, Greek, Hebrew, etc.) should be preserved when possible, but only
if used throughout the entire book. The use of initial capitals should
follow language-specific rules. The impractical features of title-pages,
like their spatial disposition, cannot be fully transferred to a catalog.
3. THE WHOLE TITLE IS TO BE REPEATED FOR EVERY DISTINCT
EDITION OF THE WORK; AND THE NUMBER OF THE EDITION, IF
NOT THE FIRST, IS TO BE ALWAYS GIVEN.
• Each distinct edition of a work must have its entire title repeated, and the edition
number, if not the first, should always be included. This rule is essential due to the
separate stereotyping of titles. Some publishers designate every thousand copies as a
new edition without significant changes, especially in American school-books.
Cataloguers may encounter challenges if this practice becomes widespread. While
some publishers use terms like “second thousand,” it’s not necessary to include these
in the catalog. Minor changes in stereotype plates are generally unimportant and rarely
noticed. Instances where the title remains the same but the content changes are
infrequent and should be noted if known. The increase in catalog bulk is outweighed by
more precise descriptions. Describing each edition is crucial for bibliographers,
ensuring accurate differentiation and avoiding vague entries like “The same” or “Ditto."
4. EARLY PRINTED BOOKS, WITHOUT TITLE-PAGES, ARE TO BE CATALOGUED IN THE WORDS OF THE HEAD-TITLE, PRECEDED BY THE
WORD [BEGINNING], IN ITALICS AND BETWEEN BRACKETS; TO WHICH ARE TO BE ADDED THE WORDS OF THE COLOPHON,
PRECEDED BY THE WORD [ENDING], IN ITALICS AND BETWEEN BRACKETS.
IF THERE BE NEITHER HEAD-TITLE NOR COLOPHON, SUCH A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK SHOULD BE GIVEN, IN ENGLISH, AND
BETWEEN BRACKETS, AS MAY SERVE FOR ITS IDENTIFICATION.
• Books printed before the use of separate title-pages are few, and
bibliographers like Maittaire, Denis, Panzer, and Hain have minutely
described most of them. Cataloguers should refer to their works for
accurate details. These books often feature a head-title at the
beginning, providing a thorough description, with the colophon at the
end specifying publication details. However, there is considerable
variety, with some books starting with a table, dedication, or register,
lacking a colophon. In such cases, titles may appear at the end of the
table or in the dedication. Due to this diversity, it’s challenging, if not
impossible, to create universal rules, but the given guideline is
considered sufficiently comprehensive.
5. IN CATALOGUING ACADEMICAL DISSERTATIONS, ORATIONS, &C., THE SUBJECT-MATTER IS TO BE GIVEN AS THE TITLE. IF
THAT BE NOT EXPRESSED UPON THE TITLE-PAGE, IT IS TO BE SUPPLIED WITHIN BRACKETS, IF POSSIBLE IN THE WORDS
OF THE AUTHOR, OTHERWISE IN ENGLISH AND IN ITALICS. THE CONTRACTED WORDS [DISS. AC.] WHEN NECESSARY TO
INDICATE THE CHARACTER OF THE PUBLICATION, SHOULD BE PREFIXED. THE OCCASION MAY GENERALLY BE OMITTED,
EXCEPT WHEN THE SUBJECT OF THE DISSERTATION OR ORATION HAS SOME SPECIAL REFERENCE TO IT.
6. IN CATALOGUING SERMONS, THE BOOK, CHAPTER AND VERSE OF THE TEXT; THE
DATE, IF IT DIFFERS FROM THAT OF PUBLICATION; AND THE OCCASION, IF A SPECIAL
ONE, ARE TO BE GIVEN. WHEN THESE ARE NOT UPON THE TITLE-PAGE, THEY ARE
TO BE SUPPLIED BETWEEN BRACKETS, AND IN ITALICS.
7. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS ARE TO BE RECORDED IN THE WORDS OF THE TITLE-PAGE OF THE LAST
COMPLETE VOLUME; BUT WITHOUT DESIGNATION OF VOLUME OR DATE.
THE HISTORY OF THE PUBLICATION FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT, INCLUDING ALL CHANGES OF FORM, TITLE,
EDITORSHIP, &C., IS TO BE GIVEN IN A NOTE.
• This rule is applicable to Reviews, Magazines, etc., but not to works
issued in parts (serials) or transactions of learned societies. The last
title is preferred for the catalog, reflecting the current recognition of the
work and considering the challenge of finding complete sets of these
publications. If the title changes, a new entry must be prepared for the
catalog along with an additional note.
8. AFTER THE WORDS OF THE TITLE, THE NUMBER OF PARTS,
VOLUMES, FASCICULI, OR WHATEVER MAY BE THE PECULIAR DIVISIONS
OF EACH WORK, IS TO BE SPECIFIED.
If the title doesn’t specify, and the work is divided with continuous paging or an
uninterrupted register, it’s considered divided into parts (not volumes). If there
is an interruption in page numbers or the register, each series of pages or letters
is designated as a volume.
• In denoting volumes without a stated number on the title-page, Volume, Tome,
Theil, Band, Deel, etc., may be represented by initials, with numbers
expressed in Arabic figures. If an ordinal expression is used, the figures can be
given without the ordinal termination. The first and last volume numbers
should be provided with a dash between them.
For example:
V. 1—8. for Volume 1—Volume 8
B. 2—22. for Zweiter Band—Zwei und zwanzigster Band
T. 1—4. for Tomo 1—Tomo 4
Th. 1—6. for Theil 1—Theil 6
• If there’s a discrepancy between indicated divisions on the title-page and actual volumes,
the number of pagings should be stated, treating each paging as a distinct volume. The
paging of the preface and introductory matter is an exception. Appendixes, when
separately paged, should be noted in the title but not counted as separate volumes.
9. NEXT SHOULD FOLLOW THE DESIGNATION OF THE PLACE AND DATE OF PUBLICATION. THE NAME OF THE PLACE SHOULD BE GIVEN
IN THE FORM AND LANGUAGE OF THE TITLE-PAGE. IF, IN THAT, IT BE ABBREVIATED, THE FULL NAME SHOULD BE SUPPLIED, BUT NOT
TRANSLATED; THE ADDED PARTS BEING BETWEEN BRACKETS.
SHOULD EITHER OF THESE PARTICULARS BE OMITTED IN THE TITLE-PAGE, THE DEFICIENCY SHOULD BE SUPPLIED FROM THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LIBRARIAN, OR BE NOTICED, IN ITALICS AND BETWEEN BRACKETS.
• Publisher names are excluded in the catalog to minimize labor and size.
However, for early printed books or unique cases, the publisher is
mentioned. Dates are presented in Arabic figures, except when
numerals in the title-page are distinctive.
10. NEXT AFTER THE IMPRINT SHOULD
FOLLOW THE DESIGNATION OF SIZE.
• Books are designated by their fold, such as folio, quarto, octavo. For
precise size, the height and breadth of the first full signature page are
measured in inches and tenths, excluding the folio and signature lines.
The measurements are recorded as (Height x Breadth). Signatures,
water lines, and watermarks aid in determining fold, but variations in
paper sizes make it challenging. A proposed alternative is to universally
use the measurement of the printed page, which is more accurate and
less prone to errors.
11. IN BOOKS OF ONE VOLUME, THE BODY OF WHICH DOES NOT CONTAIN MORE
THAN ONE HUNDRED PAGES, THE NUMBER OF PAGES IS TO BE SPECIFIED. IN
APPLYING THIS RULE, COPY THE NUMBER OF THE LAST PAGE OF THE BODY OF THE
BOOK, OR OF ANY ADDITION PAGED CONTINUOUSLY WITH IT.
• Catalogues can benefit from detailed page enumeration in each
volume, but due to increased labor and size concerns, this rule
primarily indicates whether a work is pamphlet-sized. Prefatory matter
is excluded from page counts, unless it extends beyond a standard
preface and is significant enough to be mentioned in the title.
12. ALL ADDITIONS TO THE TITLES ARE TO BE PRINTED IN ITALICS, AND BETWEEN
BRACKETS; TO BE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, WHATEVER BE THE LANGUAGE OF
THE TITLE; TO BE SUCH ONLY AS ARE APPLICABLE TO ALL COPIES OF THE EDITION
DESCRIBED, AND NECESSARY FOR A FULL TITULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE BOOK.
• In cataloging, when supplementing a name within brackets, use the
author’s vernacular, and if incorporated into the heading, maintain
matching typography in small capitals. Descriptive titles may not
always capture the essence, especially for allegorical or pun-based
titles, in which case explanations can be included in separate notes.
Additional details beyond the title, such as clarifying misnomers or
noting special editions, can also be accommodated in separate notes.
Peculiarities specific to certain copies, like large paper or autographs,
should be noted separately and are typically excluded from the General
Catalogue title.
HEADINGS:
13. WHEN THE TITLE HAS BEEN TRANSCRIBED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
FOREGOING RULES, THE HEADING IS TO BE WRITTEN ABOVE IT.
This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical catalogue,
and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its vernacular form,
when the same can be represented by the letters of the English alphabet.
When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the form
used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.
• The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names are to
follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and within parentheses.
14. WHEN A NAME IS VARIOUSLY SPELLED, THE BEST AUTHORIZED ORTHOGRAPHY IS TO BE SELECTED FOR THE HEADING,
AND SUCH OTHER MODES OF SPELLING THE NAME, AS ARE LIKELY TO OCCASION DIFFICULTY, ARE TO BE ADDED, WITHIN
BRACKETS.
CROSS REFERENCES ARE TO BE MADE FROM ALL OTHER FORMS OF THE NAME, WHICH OCCUR IN THE CATALOGUE, TO THE
FORM PREFERRED.
15. THE FOLLOWING RULES ARE TO BE
OBSERVED IN CATALOGUING NAMES WITH
PREFIXES:
1. English surnames with prefixes like D’, De, or Du are recorded under the prefix as part of the
name (e.g., D’Israeli under D). Cross-references are added.
2. Names with Mac, O’, Ap, and Fitz are cataloged under those syllables. Mc and M’ (abbreviated
forms of Mac) are treated the same way.
3. French surnames with the prefix “de” are cataloged under the name itself (e.g., Alembert under
A, not D).
4. French names with Du or Des prefixes are recorded under these prefixes (e.g., Du Halde under D).
5. French names with Le, La, L’ prefixes are cataloged under L (e.g., Le Long under L).
6. Names with similar prefixes in other languages are cataloged under the following word, with
cross-references (e.g., Delle Valle under V).
16. COMPOUND SURNAMES, EXCEPT DUTCH AND ENGLISH, ARE TO BE
ENTERED UNDER THE INITIAL OF THE FIRST NAME. IN DUTCH AND IN
ENGLISH COMPOUND NAMES, THE LAST NAME IS TO BE PREFERRED.
• In French, names like Etienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire should be written
as Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Etienne). Similarly, in Spanish, Calderon de la
Barca and Calderon y Belgrano should both be entered under C.
However, exceptions like François de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon are
universally placed under Fénélon. Cross-references are crucial for
handling such exceptions.
17. WORKS OF AN AUTHOR WHO MAY HAVE CHANGED HIS NAME, OR ADDED OTHERS TO IT, ARE TO BE RECORDED
UNDER THE LAST NAME, (IF USED IN ANY OF HIS PUBLICATIONS,) WITH CROSS-REFERENCES FROM THE OTHER NAMES.
NAMES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN ALTERED BY BEING USED IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THEIR
ORIGINAL VERNACULAR FORM. BUT IF AN AUTHOR HAS NEVER USED THE VERNACULAR FORM OF HIS NAME IN HIS
PUBLICATIONS, HIS WORKS ARE TO BE RECORDED UNDER SUCH OTHER FORM AS HE MAY HAVE EMPLOYED.
• In cases of name changes, like Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, the entry should be
under Mackenzie, with a cross-reference from Slidell. For individuals who assumed a
new name, like François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire, the entry is under the assumed
name, such as Voltaire. Similarly, individuals like Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière,
who added a name for self-identification, should be cataloged under the added
name, like Molière. The family name is considered the one adopted by the
individual, not necessarily inherited. For women who change their names upon
marriage, entries should use the married name, with cross-references if applicable.
The changes can be indicated by the mode of printing, for example: MACKENZIE
(Alexander SLIDELL), VOLTAIRE (François Marie AROÜET de), DACIER (Mad. Anne
LEFÈVRE).
18. THE FOLLOWING CLASSES OF PERSONS ARE TO BE
ENTERED UNDER THEIR FIRST NAMES, OR THEIR CHRISTIAN
NAMES:
(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.
(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.
(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.
(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name,
when known, should be added within brackets.
(5.) All other persons known only by their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they
add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as, Adamus Bremensis, or Adam of
Bremen.
A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to
that used as the heading.
19. SURNAMES OF NOBLEMEN AND DIGNITARIES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF CASES COMING UNDER
THE PRECEDING RULE, ARE TO BE ASCERTAINED, WHEN NOT EXPRESSED, AND TO BE USED FOR THE
HEADING, ALTHOUGH THE PERSON MAY BE BETTER KNOWN BY HIS TITLE, THAN BY HIS NAME. BUT, IN
ALL CASES WHERE DOUBT WOULD BE LIKELY TO ARISE, CROSS-REFERENCES SHOULD BE USED.
• In cases like Home (Henry), Lord Kames, a cross-reference is needed,
such as Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry). Similarly, for authors like
Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield, a cross-reference should
be made from the title, directing to the family name. Despite some
exceptions, a general rule is necessary, and this approach is deemed
the most suitable.
20. IF IT APPEAR UPON THE TITLE-PAGE, THAT THE WORK IS THE JOINT
PRODUCTION OF SEVERAL WRITERS, IT IS TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE FIRST
NAMED, WITH CROSS-REFERENCES FROM THE NAMES OF THE OTHERS.
21. THE COMPLETE WORKS, OR ENTIRE TREATISES OF SEVERAL AUTHORS, PUBLISHED TOGETHER IN ONE SERIES, WITH A COLLECTIVE TITLE, ARE TO BE
RECORDED IN THE WORDS OF THE GENERAL TITLE OF THE SERIES, AND TO BE PLACED UNDER THE NAME, OF THE EDITOR, IF KNOWN; IF THAT BE NOT
KNOWN, UNDER THE TITLE OF THE COLLECTION, LIKE ANONYMOUS WORKS. IF ANY WORK IN THE COLLECTION BE PRINTED WITH A SEPARATE TITLE-PAGE, AND
AN INDEPENDENT PAGING, IT IS ALSO TO BE RECORDED UNDER ITS AUTHOR’S NAME, AS A DISTINCT WORK, WITH A REFERENCE TO THE VOLUME OF THE
COLLECTION IN WHICH IT IS TO BE FOUND.
CROSS-REFERENCES MAY BE MADE FROM NAMES OF AUTHORS, WHEN THEY APPEAR UPON THE TITLE-PAGE, OR WHEN THEIR WORKS WERE FIRST PUBLISHED
IN THE COLLECTION.
• This rule establishes the practice for German books with double titles,
requiring entry under both the general and special titles. The general
entry should minimize duplication with the special title, and cross-
references guide users between them. For periodicals, entry is under
the editor’s name if indicated; otherwise, it falls under the next rule
when issued by an association. While a more comprehensive plan could
individually catalog articles in certain publications, current feasibility
limits this approach. Future enhancements may explore greater detail,
yet titles prepared under this rule remain relevant and adaptable for
potential changes in the General Catalogue.
22. ACADEMIES, INSTITUTES, ASSOCIATIONS, UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES; LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, ECONOMICAL, ELEEMOSYNARY AND
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES; NATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS; ASSEMBLIES, CONVENTIONS, BOARDS, CORPORATIONS, AND OTHER
BODIES OF MEN, UNDER WHATEVER NAME, AND OF WHATEVER CHARACTER, ISSUING PUBLICATIONS, WHETHER AS SEPARATE WORKS, OR IN
A CONTINUOUS SERIES, UNDER A GENERAL TITLE, ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AND TREATED AS THE AUTHORS OF ALL WORKS ISSUED BY
THEM, AND IN THEIR NAME ALONE. THE HEADING IS TO BE THE NAME OF THE BODY, THE PRINCIPAL WORD TO BE THE FIRST WORD, NOT AN
ARTICLE. A CROSS-REFERENCE IS TO BE MADE FROM ANY IMPORTANT SUBSTANTIVE OR ADJECTIVE, TO THE PRINCIPAL WORD.
THIS RULE CLARIFIES CATALOGING PRACTICES FOR WORKS BY BODIES OR
ESTABLISHMENTS, OFFERING DETAILED EXPLANATIONS:
If an author’s name is on the title-page of a work published by a body,
follow Rule XXI. Record the work twice—once under the general title and
once under the author’s name. For series, refer to the specific volume.
1. Public library catalogues are entered under the establishment’s name.
If the compiler is named, create a cross-reference from their name to
the main entry.
2. Publications from committees or branches fall under the chief body’s
name. For example, all U.S. public documents are listed under “United
States,” covering various departments, bureaus, or committees. This
also applies to literary societies associated with colleges, cataloged
under the college name with cross-references from the society.
23. TRANSLATIONS ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE HEADING OF THE ORIGINAL WORK, WITH A CROSS-REFERENCE FROM THE NAME OF THE TRANSLATOR.
IF THE NAME OF THE TRANSLATOR BE KNOWN, AND THAT OF THE AUTHOR UNKNOWN, THE BOOK IS TO BE ENTERED, LIKE OTHER ANONYMOUS WORKS,
UNDER THE FIRST WORD OF THE ORIGINAL TITLE, NOT AN ARTICLE OR PREPOSITION, WHETHER THE ORIGINAL BE OR BE NOT IN THE LIBRARY TO BE
CATALOGUED.
WHEN THE TITLE OF THE ORIGINAL CANNOT BE ASCERTAINED, OR CANNOT BE EXPRESSED IN ENGLISH LETTERS, THE TRANSLATION IS TO BE ENTERED AS
AN ANONYMOUS WORK, THAT IS, UNDER THE FIRST WORD OF ITS TITLE, NOT AN ARTICLE OR PREPOSITION.
24. COMMENTARIES ACCOMPANIED BY THE WHOLE TEXT, ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE
HEADING OF THE ORIGINAL WORK, WITH A CROSS-REFERENCE FROM THE NAME OF THE
COMMENTATOR. IF NOT ACCOMPANIED BY THE TEXT, THEY ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE
NAME OF THE COMMENTATOR, WITH A CROSS-REFERENCE FROM THE NAME OF THE AUTHOR.
25. THE BIBLE, OR ANY PART OF IT, IN ANY LANGUAGE, IS TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE WORD “BIBLE.”
CROSS-REFERENCES SHOULD BE MADE FROM THE NAMES OF THE WRITERS, AS WELL AS FROM THE NAMES
OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BIBLE. BOTH OF THESE CLASSES OF NAMES ARE TO BE EXPRESSED IN THE
FORM ADOPTED IN THE AUTHORIZED ENGLISH VERSION.
26. REPORTS OF TRIALS ARE TO BE RECORDED UNDER THE NAME OF THE REPORTER;
OR IF THIS BE NOT KNOWN, UNDER THE FIRST WORD OF THE TITLE. THERE SHOULD
ALSO BE CROSS-REFERENCES, FROM THE NAMES OF THE PLAINTIFF AND OF THE
DEFENDANT IN A CIVIL SUIT, AND FROM THAT OF THE DEFENDANT IN A CRIMINAL SUIT.
27. THE RESPONDENT OR DEFENDER IN A THESIS, IS TO BE
CONSIDERED ITS AUTHOR, EXCEPT WHEN IT UNEQUIVOCALLY
APPEARS TO BE THE WORK OF THE PRÆSES.
28. PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE ASSUMED NAME, FOLLOWED BY PSEUD.; AFTER WHICH MAY BE GIVEN
THE NAME OF THE SUPPOSED OR REPUTED AUTHOR, WITH (IN CASE OF DOUBT) THE WORD PROBABLY BEFORE IT, OR ? AFTER IT.
BUT IF THE AUTHOR HAVE PUBLISHED ANY EDITION, CONTINUATION, OR SUPPLEMENT UNDER HIS NAME, THE WORK IS NOT TO BE
CONSIDERED PSEUDONYMOUS. IN SUCH CASE, A CROSS-REFERENCE SHOULD BE MADE FROM THE FEIGNED NAME.
THIS RULE PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON
CATALOGING PSEUDONYMS:
1. Pseudonyms encompass fictitious names (e.g., Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.), abbreviated
names (e.g., A. L. Mil. For A. L. Millin), anagrams (e.g., Nides for Denis), and names
formed from initials (e.g., Talvi for Theresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob).
2. Works falsely attributed in titles are treated as pseudonymous. Enter them under
the pretended authors’ names, with notes to prevent confusion, unless some edition is
published under the real author’s name.
3. Works with initials should be entered under the full name if the author published any
edition with their name. Otherwise, enter under the last initial, assumed to stand for
the surname, with the other letter(s) representing Christian names. If the last letter
indicates a title, it should not be used for the heading.
29. ANONYMOUS WORKS ARE TO BE ENTERED UNDER THE FIRST WORD OF THE TITLE, NOT AN ARTICLE OR PREPOSITION. CROSS-
REFERENCES MAY BE MADE FROM ALL WORDS, IN THE TITLE, UNDER WHICH SUCH A WORK WOULD BE LIKELY TO BE SOUGHT FOR,
IN AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE.
BUT IF THE AUTHOR HAVE PUBLISHED ANY EDITION, CONTINUATION, OR SUPPLEMENT UNDER HIS NAME, THE WORK IS NOT TO BE
CONSIDERED ANONYMOUS.
CROSS-REFERENCES:
30. CROSS-REFERENCES,—CONSISTING OF ONLY THE WORD FROM
WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE, THE WORD SEE, AND THE NAME OR
HEADING REFERRED TO,—ARE TO BE MADE IN THE FOLLOWING
INSTANCES:
(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the heading.
(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be generally known, other
than the one used for the heading.
(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used as a heading,
under Rule XXII.
(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under the name of the
principal body, under Rule XXII.
(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.
(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-pages,
instead of surnames.
(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-
pages, instead of surnames.
(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under the
Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes belonging to
sovereign houses.
(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the writers of
them.
(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is catalogued
under an altered title, or a new editor, according to Rule VII.
31. THE FOLLOWING CLASSES OF CROSS-REFERENCES, EMPLOYED TO PREVENT THE NECESSITY OF
ENTERING TITLES IN FULL, MORE THAN ONCE, ARE TO CONTAIN SO MUCH OF THE TITLE REFERRED
TO, AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO SHOW DISTINCTLY THE OBJECT OF THE REFERENCE. WHEN IT WOULD
BE DIFFICULT TO ABBREVIATE THE TITLE, FOR THIS PURPOSE, OTHER WORDS, NOT THOSE OF THE
TITLE, MAY BE USED.
(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators, Continuators,
or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to the title, on the
principle of Rule XII.), as participating in the authorship of the work.
(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or
narrative.
(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some
considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or notes,
without the text.
(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained in
any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been first
published in such collection, if the name be given upon the title-page.
(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.
(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the report of
a civil suit; and from the name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.
(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the
publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according to
Rule VII.
ARRANGEMENT:
32. THE ORDER OF THE HEADINGS WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE PLAN OF
THE CATALOGUE, WHETHER ALPHABETICAL, CLASSED, OR CHRONOLOGICAL.
33. THE TITLES ARE IMMEDIATELY TO FOLLOW THE HEADINGS; AND WITHIN THE DIVISIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS GIVEN BELOW, THE
ARRANGEMENT IS TO BE CHRONOLOGICAL. EDITIONS WITHOUT DATE, AND THOSE OF WHICH THE DATE CANNOT BE ASCERTAINED, EVEN BY
APPROXIMATION, ARE TO PRECEDE ALL THOSE BEARING DATE, OR OF WHICH THE DATE CAN BE SUPPLIED, EITHER POSITIVELY OR BY
APPROXIMATION. THE LATTER ARE TO FOLLOW, ACCORDING TO THEIR DATE, WHETHER APPARENT IN ANY PART OF THE BOOK, OR SUPPLIED.
EDITIONS BY THE SAME EDITOR, OR SUCH AS ARE EXPRESSLY STATED TO FOLLOW A SPECIFIC TEXT OR EDITION, AND EDITIONS WITH THE
SAME NOTES OR COMMENTARY, TO SUCCEED EACH OTHER, IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ENTR
34. TITLES, WHICH OCCUR UNDER THE NAME OF AN AUTHOR,
ARE TO BE ARRANGED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER:
(1.) Collections of all the works.
A. Those without translations, whether with or without notes, commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.
b. Those with translations.
Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those
with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order of the English name of such language.
Editions with several translations into different languages. Those are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of
translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to
be followed.
c. Translations without the text. These are to be arranged among themselves according to the principles laid down for translations
with the text.
(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to precede. The
arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects, according to the principles laid down for collections of all the works.
(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole to be
arranged according to the foregoing principles.
(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to follow immediately
35. WORKS PLACED UNDER THE NAMES OF COLLECTIVE BODIES, (ACCORDING TO RULE XXII,) ARE, IN
GENERAL, TO BE ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER; BUT WORKS FORMING PART OF A SERIES ARE NOT
TO BE SEPARATED, ALTHOUGH THAT SERIES BE INTERRUPTED, OR THE TITLE CHANGED; AND WORKS
PUBLISHED BY BRANCHES OR SUBORDINATE BODIES, ARE TO BE SEPARATELY ARRANGED AND PLACED
UNDER SUB-HEADINGS, WHICH SHOULD BE PRINTED IN A DISTINCTIVE TYPE.
36. CROSS-REFERENCES ARE TO BE PLACED AFTER ALL
OTHER ENTRIES UNDER THE HEADING, AND IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER OF THE NAMES REFERRED TO.
MAPS, ENGRAVINGS, MUSIC:
38.MAPS, CHARTS, ENGRAVINGS AND MUSIC, (EXCEPT WHEN PUBLISHED IN VOLUMES,)
ARE NOT TO BE INCLUDED IN CATALOGUES OF BOOKS. SEPARATE CATALOGUES OF THESE
SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED UPON THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PRECEDING RULES.
(1.) In cataloguing Maps and Charts, the full title is to be given, including the names of
surveyors, compilers, engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and number of
sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately recorded, and the separate title of
each sheet, when it varies from the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be
introduced at the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in full, including
authorship, scale and size.
(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the map, it is, if possible, to be
derived from it.
(3.) The size of the map, within the neat-line of the border, is to be given in inches and tenths.
When a map has no printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be given.
(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.
(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper, and whether backed, folded, bound,
on rollers, &c., should be mentioned in a note.
The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the countries, or divisions of the earth’s
surface delineated in the maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with the
cross-references necessary to facilitate research.
(6.) Engravings are to be recorded under the names of the engravers, with cross-references from those
of the painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if found upon the print, should
also be given. The size of the print, in inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be an
artist’s proof, or a remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should be stated in a
note.
(7.) Music is to be entered under the name of the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there
should be a cross-reference from that.
EXCEPTIONAL CASES:
39. CASES NOT HEREIN PROVIDED FOR, AND EXCEPTIONAL CASES, REQUIRING A
DEPARTURE FROM ANY OF THE PRECEDING RULES, ARE TO BE DECIDED UPON BY
THE SUPERINTENDENT.
EXAMPLES:
ALEXANDER, the Great.
See CURTIUS Rufus (Quintus). De rebus gestis Alexandri Magni.
AMERICAN quarterly review (The). V. 1–22. …
Philadelphia, [1827]–’37. 8º (6.7×3.8) [2784]
ANCIENT Irish histories.—The works of Spencer, Campion,
Hanmer, and Marlebvrrovgh. In two volumes. [4 pagings.]
[Dublin, Hibernia press co., 1809.] 8º (6.5×4) [2424]
ANTONINUS Liberalis.
See GALE (Thomas). Historiæ poeticæ scriptores. Antoninus Liberalis
REFERENCES:
On the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries and Their Publication by Means of Separate
Stereotyped Titles with Rules and Examples (1850) by Charles C. Jewett This is the primary
source for Jewett’s NUC rules and outlines his vision for a centralized cataloging system.
The Pragmatic Basis of Catalog Codes: Has the User Been Ignored? (2007) by J.R. Hufford
This article discusses Jewett’s contributions to American cataloging, highlighting his
emphasis on user needs and standardization.
History of Information: Charles Jewett Proposes a National Union Catalogue This website
provides a concise overview of Jewett’s proposal and its historical context.
• Library of Congress: National Union Catalog This webpage offers information about the
development and evolution of the National Union Catalog in the United States.
