TISSUES

CLASS – NINE
[ BASED ON NCERT ]
PART-1
• Introduction of Tissue
• Plant tissue.

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 TISSUES
Muticellular organisms are made of millions of cells.
They show division of labour and each cell performs a
particular function efficiently. Division of labour is
possible due to grouping of special cells together,
performing a particular function. Such group of cells
are called Tissue.

TISSUE : A group of cells that are similar in structure

and origin (come from same parent cell) and perform
similar function.

HISTOLOGY : Study of tissues

 What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?

Multi-cellular organisms have millions of cells. Each group of cell is called tissue and
it performs a special function efficiently.
e.g. muscle cells (contract and relax to bring movement), nerve cells (carry
message) and blood, all are tissues.
In plants, vascular tissues (xylem and phloem ) conduct water and food from one
part of the plant to other parts.
So, multi-cellular organisms show division of labour.

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 Importance of Tissue
1. Formation of tissue has brought about division of labour in
Multicellular Organism
2. Tissue become organised to form organs and organs into
organ system which increase the efficiency of multicelluar
organism.
3. Workload of individual cell has decreased.
4. Due to increased efficiency and organisation ,multicellular
organism has higher chances of survival.

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 TISSUES?
Plant Animal
Dead supportive tissues are more abundant as Living tissue are more common as compared to dead
compared to living tissue tissue.

They require less maintenance energy. Animals require more maintenance energy.
There is differentiation of meristmatic and permanent Such differentiation is absent.
tissue

Due to meristmatic tissue plants grow throughout life Animals do not show growth after reaching maturity.
Reapartive growth is ,however present.

Organisation is simple Organization is complex with the development of

more specialized and localized organs and organ
system.

Tissue organization is towards stationary habits Tissue organization is towards high mobility.

Due to difference in structure and function of plants and animals,they are made of
different types of tissues.
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
(MERISTEM)

• It is a plant tissue of thin walled compactly arranged

immature cells that have the potential to divide and form
new cells. Meristmatic tissue is called meristem. Its cells
are called meristmatic cells. They are present at growing
region of plant. New cells are formed by a meristem are
initially like merstmatic cells. Slowly ,they grow,
differentiate and mature into components of various
permanent tissues.

CHARACTERISTICS : Cells are active (living),have dense

cytoplasm,thin cellulose walls, prominent nuclei and lack
vacuole as vacuoles provide rigidity to cells and prevent
quick cell division. Cell needs a dense cytoplasm and soft
cell wall for cell division.
TYPES OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE DEPENDING ON THEIR LOCATION

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 TYPES OF MERISTEM
TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION
Growing tips of shoot (shoot Increases length (height) of the
APICAL MERISTEM apex meristem) and root plant
(root apex meristem) PRIMARY GROWTH
At base of leaves or Increase in length of organ like
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
internode leaves and internodes

On sides of stem and roots.

2 TYPES -
LATERAL MERISTEM 1.cork cambium
Increase the diameter and girth
(found in woody trees (found beneath bark) SECONDARY GROWTH
and plants) 2.vascular cambium
(found in vascular
bundles)
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 PERMANENT TISSUES
• Tissue that comes from meristematic tissue and are matured.
• Made of dead / living cells that have lost the power to divide.
• Have a definite shape,size and function and may be dead or living.
• The process by which cells arise from meristematic tissue and take up a permanent
Shape, size and function is called differentiation.
 PARENCHYMA (LIVING CELLS)
• It is simple permanent tissue of thin walled relatively unspecialised, nearly
isodiametric (all sides equal) living cells which forms the basic packing tissue of the
plant body. It is the most abundant tissue of the plants. The cell cells are oval,
spherical or polygonal in outline. The thin wall is made up of cellulose and have
central vacuole. Cells are loosely packed with large intercellular space. They are
present in almost all plant parts.
• Provides support to plant.
• parenchyma of stem and roots stores nutrients and water and is called storage
parenchyma
• When it contains chloroplasts having chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, it
is called chlorenchyma
• In aquatic plants, parenchyma has large air spaces to provide buoyancy to plants to
help them float and exchange gases.
• It Found in non woody or soft parts of roots, stem, leaves, flower , fruits
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 Collenchyma
The cell possess uneven thickening of
pectocellulose ,
generally at the corners, Interspaces are
little.
The cells are elongated but appear
oval ,circular, or angular in transverse
section

Function
•It provide mechanical strength as well as
flexibility. Because of collenchyma ,plant
organs can bend without breaking.
•It allows growth and elongation of organs.
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•It may contain chloroplasts and take part
 Sclerenchyma
•They are dead highly thick walled with narrow
lumen
•The thickening of generally made of lignin
which functiions like a cement and hardens the
cell walls.
•The wall contain unthickened area called pits.

It is of two types

1. Sclerenchyma fibre :- Spindle shaped ,long

and narrow cells that reach a length of 1-550
mm.They occurs in sheets or bundles

2.Sclereids:- They are short and highly thick

walled sclerenchyma cells which occur singly or
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in samll group.
 Function of Sclerenchyma

1. It is main mechanical tissue of

plants which provide them
strength and enable them to
bear stresses.
2. It forms protective covering
around seeds and nuts.
3. Sclerenchyma fibers of some
plants are commercially
exploited ,e.g.
Flax,Hemp,Jute ,Coconut.

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 EPIDERMIS
ACTIVITY 6.3 pg 72 When observed under microscope,outermost layer of
1. Take a fresh leaf of Rheo. cells called EPIDERMIS (epidermal tissue) is seen.
2. Stretch and break it by applying pressure. It is a protective layer whose main function is to
3. While breaking it, keep it stretched gently so that protect plant from excess hot/cold and infection.
some peel or skin projects out from the cut. It is made of single layer of cells that are flat with
4. Remove this peel and put it in a Petri dish filled no intercellular spaces. Their outer and side walls
with water and add a few drops of safranin. are thicker than the inner wall.
5. Wait for few minutes and then transfer it onto a • In plants of dry habitats, the epidermis is thick
slide. Gently place a cover slip over it and observe
to prevent water loss and has thick waxy layer
under microscope.
of CUTIN ( water proof substance).
• In aerial parts of the plant,epidermis secretes
CUTICLE ,a waxy, water-resistant layer made of
CUTIN on their outer surface. Cuticle prevents
loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by
parasitic fungi.
• Epidermal cells of the roots have long root hair
which increase the surface area for absorption
of water.
 MIS
Structure
Layer of cells covering surface of entire plant.
Function
Layer is thin and 1. Acts as a barrier to microorganisms and
transparent.Epidermal tissues pathogens.
have tiny hairs projecting from 2. Allow light to pass through for photosynthesis in
the tissues below.
surface of epidermis. Trichomes 3. Leaf trichomes trap water to prevent water loss.
are abundant in some plant 4. Root hairs increase the surface area for
stem .Root hairs are elongations absorption of water from the soil .
of epidermal cells in the 5. The waxy cuticle prevents water loss from leaves.
6. The bitter taste of the substances prevent grazing
root.Epidermal tissues in leaves by animals.
are covered with a waxy
cuticle.Some epidermal cells
secrete poisonous or bad-tasting
substances.
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 STOMATA
STOMATA : Epidermis of leaf has tiny pores stomata
surrounded by two kidney-shaped guard cells in dicot
and dumbbell shaped in monocots.The cells are
smaller as compared to other epidermal cells. They
also contain chloroplast which is absent in epidermal
cells. They are thicker on inner side and thinner on
outer side. As the guard cell become turgid they create
a pore in between their thick wall ( stomatal pore).

FUNCTION OF STOMATA:
• Exchange of gases.
• Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water
vapour).
Q:- Is the outer layer of a branch of a tree different
from the outer layer of a young stem?
As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue called
epidermis changes. It is replaced by secondary
meristem which gives new cells on both sides. Cells on
the outside are cut off from this layer. This forms the
several-layer thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of
cork are dead and tightly arranged without
intercellular spaces .They have a chemical called
suberin in their walls which makes them impervious
to gases and water.

CORK : protective in nature, prevents loss of water

from plant and injury. As it does not catch fire easily
and is light, it is used as an insulator and in sports
goods.It has lenticels for gaseous exchange between
inner tiisue and atmosphere.
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 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
They are those permanent tissue which are made up of more than one
type of cells which work together to perform a particular function.
XYLEM PHLOEM
1. tracheids 1. sieve tubes
2. vessels/tracheae 2. companion cells
3. xylem parenchyma 3. phloem parenchyma
4. xylem sclerenchyma 4. phloem fibres
Both the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem)are called VASCULAR TISSUES and
together form vascular bundles.
X (VT) + P(VT) = VB
xylem (vascular tissue) + phloem (vascular tissue) = vascular bundle
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 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

XYLEM (wood)

1. Cells have thick walls

2. Elements are tracheids,vessels,xylem parenchyma,xylem
sclerenchyma
3. Vessels are most important element and are shorter and wider than
tracheids
4. Vessels and tracheids have tube like structures (tubular)that helps
in transporting water and minerals vertically efficiently.
5. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral conduction of
water
6. In addition to transporting water and mineral salts from roots to
leaves, xylem also provides support to plants and trees because of its
tough lignified vessels.
 PHLOEM (bast)
It is a complex tissue which takes part in conduction of
organic food inside the plant. It is made up of four
elements sieve tube ,companion cell, phloem fiber and
phloem parenchyma.

1. Sieve tubes are tube like structures placed end to end In a

linear row.
3. The end walls are called sieve plates and are perforated
due to presence of pores. They lack nucleus and have
vacoulated cytoplasm.
4. Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and nucleus.They
maintain proper pressure gradient in the sieve tube cells for
conduction of food.
5. Phloem transports the prepared food from leaves to
storage organ and from storage organs to growing
regions.Hence materials can move in both the directions
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 XYLEM PHLOEM
• • Conducts food
Conducts water and minerals
• • Occurs in 2 directions – upward and
Conduction takes place in one direction
downward
• Conducting channels are tracheids and vessels
• Conducting channels are sieve tubes
• Only xylem parenchyma is living,all other
• All elements are living only phloem fibres are
elements are dead
dead
• Xylem conducts and gives mechanical
strength • Phloem conducts,gives no mechanical
strength
also due to presence of lignified
vessels
In Next Video “Tissue Part 2” I’ll discuss
Animal Tissue.

Thanking for watching This

Video.
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