Transmission Line Operation part 1
Engr. Ernest Noel P. Socong
Course Instructor
Short Transmission line
• Transmission line having its length of less than 80
km (50mi)
• Capacitance is mostly neglected due to small
leakage current.
Important Terms
Voltage Regulation
• When a transmission line is carrying current, there
is a voltage drop in the line due to resistance and
inductance of the line.
• The result is that receiving end voltage (VR) of the
line is generally less than the sending end voltage
(VS).
• This voltage drop (VS − VR) in the line
is expressed as a percentage of receiving end
voltage VR and is called voltage regulation.
• The difference in voltage at the receiving end of a
transmission line
**between conditions of no load and full load is
called voltage
regulation and is expressed as a percentage of the
receiving end
voltage. 𝑉 𝑠 −𝑉 𝑟
% 𝑉𝑅= 𝑥 100
𝑉𝑟
Transmission Efficiency
• The power obtained at the receiving end of a
transmission line is generally less than the
sending end power due to losses in the line
resistance.
• The ratio of receiving end power to the sending
end power of a transmission line is known as the
transmission efficiency of the line.
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂= 𝑥 100
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑉 𝑟 𝐼 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟
𝜂= 𝑥 100
𝑉 𝑠 𝐼 𝑠 cos 𝜃 𝑠
𝑃𝑜
𝜂= 2
𝑥 100
𝑃 𝑜+ 𝑛 𝐼 𝑅 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸
Short Transmission line diagram
I = load current
R = loop resistance
i.e. resistance of
both conductors
XL = loop reactance
Reactive drop = IX
VR = receiving end
voltage
cos θR = receiving
cos θS = sending end power factor end power factor
Reactive drop = IX (lagging)
Resistive drop = IR VS = sending end
voltage
Short Transmission line Formula
𝑉 𝑠 ∠ 𝜃 𝑠 =𝑉 𝑟 ∠ 0 +( 𝐼 𝑟 ∠ 𝜃𝑟 )( 𝑧 𝐿 )
√ 2 2
𝑉 𝑠 = ( 𝑉 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 + 𝐼𝑅 ) + ( 𝑉 𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑟 + 𝐼 𝑋 𝐿 )
Example:
1. A 3-phase, 3-wire, short transmission line
has a resistance of 3 ohms and a reactance
of 8 ohms per wire. At the receiving end, a
balanced 3-phase load draws a line current
of 60A at 13,500 volts line to line, 0.90
power factor lagging. Determine the voltage
at the sending end.
2. A 10 km 3 phase transmission line delivers
power to a load rated 200 kW, 6.9kV and at
80% lagging power factor. The resistance
and reactance of each line are 0.8 and 1.2
ohms, respectively. What percentage of the
power generated is lost in the transmission
line?
Seatwork:
1. A 33-kV, 3-phase generating station is to supply
10 MW load at 31 kV and 0.9 power factor
lagging over a 3-phase transmission line is 3 km
long. For the efficiency of the line to be 96%,
what must be the resistance and reactance of
the line?
2. Estimate the distance over which a load a
15,000 kW at 0.85 pf can be delivered by a 3-
phase transmission line having conductors of
steel-cored each of resistance 0.905 Ω per
kilometer. The voltage at the receiving end is to
be 132 kV and the loss in transmission is to be
