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ATOMIC THEORY

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28 views23 pages

ATOMIC THEORY

Uploaded by

jeffersonhmacaspac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 12.

Development
of the Atomic Theory
MATTER
• Anything that has mass and volume and occupy
space.
Learn about It

What do you call the building block of matter?


Learn about It

ATOM

What do you call the building block of matter?


Learn about It

Atomism and Early Days of the Atomic


Theory

The particles that make up matter also has a structure.


Learn about It

Atomism and Early Days of the Atomic


Theory
● Democritus, a Greek philosopher,
hypothesized that all matter is made
up of very small, indivisible particles.
● He called these particles atomos–the
Greek word for indivisible.
● This theory was referred to as
atomism.
Democritus
Learn about It

Solid Sphere Model of the Atom


● John Dalton provided a more
precise description of the atom in
Dalton’s Atomic theory.

John Dalton
Learn about It

Solid Sphere Model of the Atom


Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are made up of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2. All atoms of a certain element are exactly alike.
Atoms of the same element have the same size,
mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of one
element are different from the atoms of other
elements.
Learn about It

Solid Sphere Model of the Atom


Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Atoms of one element combine with atoms of another
element to form compounds.
4. A chemical reaction does not result in the creation or
destruction of atoms. A chemical reaction results only
in the separation, combination, or rearrangement of
atoms.
Learn about It

Solid Sphere Model of the Atom


● John Dalton provided a more
detailed concept of the atom but
did not attempt to describe the
structure of the atom.
● He imagined the atom to be
extremely small and indivisible
thus providing the solid sphere
model of the atom. Solid sphere model
Learn about It

Plum Pudding Model of the Atom


● Sir Joseph John Thomson
(JJ Thomson), an
English physicist, discovered the
presence of smaller particles
inside the atom.

Sir Joseph John Thomson


Learn about It
Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
● Through a cathode-ray tube
experiment, he observed that
when the invisible ray produced
by the cathode side of the tube
moves between two charged
plates, the rays bends away
from the negatively charged
plate.
Cathode-ray tube
● The negatively-charged
experiment setup
subatomic particles were called
Learn about It

Plum Pudding Model of the Atom


● JJ Thomson proposed the plum
pudding model of the atom.
● The atom is presented as a
uniform positively charged
sphere embedded with electrons.

Plum pudding model


Learn about It

Plum Pudding Model of the Atom


● Atoms have negatively charged
particles inside them called
electrons.
● On the whole, atoms are usually
neutral.
● There must be positive charge in
the atom to balance out the
electron. Plum pudding model
Learn about It

Nuclear Model of the Atom


• Ernest Rutherford performed a gold foil
experiment.

The gold foil experiment conducted by Ernest Rutherford


Learn about It

Nuclear Model of the Atom


● In this experiment, alpha
particles were shot at thin foils
of gold.
● Results showed that most of
the alpha particles went right
through the foil. However
some particles were deflected Magnified view of alpha
and some bounced back. particles (blue arrows)
and gold atoms
Learn about It

Nuclear Model of the Atom


● This led to the idea that the mass
of an atom must be concentrated
in a region which Rutherford
called nucleus.
● Ernest Rutherford developed the
nuclear model of an atom.
● In this model, all the positive
charges in the nucleus, while
electrons are orbiting around it. Rutherford’s nuclear
model of the atom
Key Points

● The development of the atomic structure started with


the idea presented by Democritus that all matter is
made up of small indivisible particles called atomos.
This idea is widely known in ancient Greece as
atomism.

● A more precise description of the atom was presented


by John Dalton later on. In his solid sphere model, he
imagined an atom to be extremely small and indivisible.
Key Points

● JJ Thomson’s cathode-ray tube experiment allowed


him to discover the electron, in which he used to
propose the plum pudding model where an atom is
presented as a uniform positively charged sphere
embedded with electrons.

● Ernest Rutherford performed the gold foil


experiment, which results to the discovery of the
nucleus, a dense central core where protons and
neutrons are located.
Key Points

● Ernest Rutherford then developed the nuclear model


of an atom, in which all the positive charges are in the
nucleus while the electrons are orbiting around it.
Check Your Understanding

Identify the following statements are true


or false.
1. In the gold foil experiment of Ernest Rutherford, most
of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil, but
some were deflected and bounced back.
2. In Rutherford’s nuclear model, an atom has a dense
central core called the nucleus, which contains positive
charges.
3. Dalton proposed the idea that the atom is a uniform
positively charged sphere embedded with electrons.
Bibliography
Chang, Raymond. 2008. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tan Yin Toon, et al. 2013. Chemistry Matters 2nd Edition. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish
Education.

Department of Earth and Natural Sciences Columbia University. Isotopes and Radioactivity
Tutorial. Accessed August 21, 2017.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180706040616/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/lithospher
e/labs/lab12/radioisotope_tutorial.html
.

Indiana University Northwest. Rutherford’s Planetary Model of the Atom. Accessed August 21,
2017.
https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231743/https://cpanhd.sitehost.iu.edu/C101webnotes/
modern-atomic-theory/rutherford-model.html
.
Bibliography
Indiana University Northwest. Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Accessed August 19, 2017.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180527060318/http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/co
mposition/dalton.html
.

Purdue University. The Structure of the Atom. Accessed August 20, 2017.
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/atom_emrframe.html.

New York University. MathMol --Mathematics and Molecules. Accessed August 19, 2017.
https://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/textbook/atoms.html.

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