GLOBAL THEORY

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
&
G L O B A L I Z AT I O N T H E O RY

ALLIAH JOSAH G. ALIVIADO

 PHILIPPINE
EDUCATION

Education in the Philippines has

undergone several stages of
development from the pre-
Spanish times to the present. In
meeting the needs of the
society, education serves as
focus of emphases/priorities of
the leadership at certain
periods/epochs in our national
PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

H ISTO RICAL
P E RSP E CTIVE
PRE-MAGELLANIC TIMES

education was
informal, unstructured,
and devoid of methods.
children were provided
more vocational
training and less
academics (3 rs) by
their parents and in the
houses of tribal tutors.
5
 DURING THE COLONIZATION
S
P The pre-Spanish system of education underwent major changes
during the Spanish colonization. The tribal tutors were replaced

A by the Spanish Missionaries. Education was religion-oriented. It

was for the elite, especially in the early years of Spanish

I colonization. Access to education by the Filipinos was later

liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of

N 1863 which provided for the establishment of at least one

primary school for boys and girls in each town under the
responsibility of the municipal government; and the
establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the
supervision of the Jesuits. Primary instruction was free and the
A
M DURING THE COLONIZATION

E The defeat of Spain by American forces paved the way for

R Aguinaldo’s Republic under a Revolutionary Government.

The schools maintained by Spain for more than three

I centuries were closed for the time being but were reopened
on August 29, 1898 by the Secretary of Interior. The Burgos

C Institute in Malolos, the Military Academy of Malolos, and

the Literary University of the Philippines were established.

A A system of free and compulsory elementary education was

established by the Malolos Constitution.
A
M DURING THE COLONIZATION

E An adequate secularized and free public school system

R during the first decade of American rule was established

upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission.

I Free primary instruction that trained the people for the

duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft

C Commission per instructions of President McKinley.

Chaplains and non-commissioned officers were assigned to

A teach using English as the medium of instruction.

A
M DURING THE COLONIZATION

E A highly centralized public school system was installed in

R 1901 by the Philippine Commission by virtue of Act No. 74.

The implementation of this Act created a heavy shortage of

I teachers so the Philippine Commission authorized the

Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines

C 600 teachers from the U.S.A. They were the Thomasites.

A
J DURING THE COLONIZATION

A Japanese educational policies were embodied in Military

P Order No. 2 in 1942. The Philippine Executive Commission

established the Commission of Education, Health and Public

A Welfare and schools were reopened in June 1942. On

October 14, 1943, the Japanese – sponsored Republic

N created the Ministry of Education. Under the Japanese

regime, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History, and
Character Education was reserved for Filipinos. Love for
work and dignity of labor was emphasized. On February 27,
1945, the Department of Instruction was made part of the
J DURING THE COLONIZATION

A After the Japanese occupation during World War II, the

Philippine education system underwent significant
P changes. The Japanese introduced a new curriculum

A that emphasized Tagalog, Philippine history, and

character education, while promoting vocational skills

N and the Japanese language. However, many Filipinos

were resistant to these changes, as they were more
accustomed to the American-influenced education
system that had been in place before the war.
J AFTER THE COLONIZATION

A Once the Philippines gained independence in

P 1946, the education system was reformed to
reflect the country's new status as a sovereign
A nation. The focus shifted to developing a
N national identity and promoting Filipino culture
and values. The government also worked to
improve access to education and expand
educational opportunities for all Filipinos
 L E T M E A S K YO U

WHAT DID FILIPINOS GAIN FROM THE

COLONIZERS IN OUR EDUCATION?
 PHILIPPINE EDUCATION HAS BEEN SHAPED BY VARIOUS
COLONIZERS OVER THE CENTURIES, EACH LEAVING A
DISTINCT MARK ON THE SYSTEM:

•Spanish Colonization (1521-1898): The Spanish introduced formal

education in the Philippines, primarily through religious orders like the
Dominicans, Augustinians, and Jesuits. Education was heavily focused
on religious instruction, with schools often attached to churches. The
Spanish also established the first universities, such as the University of
Santo Tomas (UST) in 1611.
•American Colonization (1898-1946): The Americans overhauled the
education system, introducing a more secular and practical curriculum.
English was made the medium of instruction, and public education was
expanded to promote literacy and critical thinking. Vocational and
agricultural education was also emphasized to support economic
development. 14
 PHILIPPINE EDUCATION HAS BEEN SHAPED BY VARIOUS
COLONIZERS OVER THE CENTURIES, EACH LEAVING A
DISTINCT MARK ON THE SYSTEM:

•Japanese Occupation (1942-1945): During World War II, the Japanese

introduced a curriculum that emphasized Japanese language and
culture, aiming to foster loyalty to Japan. However, this period was
relatively short and did not have a lasting impact on the overall education
system.
•Post-Independence (1946-Present): After gaining independence in
1946, the Philippines continued to develop its education system,
incorporating elements from its colonial past while striving to create a
more inclusive and culturally relevant curriculum. The focus has been on
improving access to education, promoting national identity, and preparing
students for a globalized world.
15
THE POST-WAR PERIOD MARKED SIGNIFICANT EFFORTS
TO REBUILD AND REFORM THE EDUCATION SYSTEM,
FOCUSING ON THE FOLLOWING KEY AREAS:

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys

tem
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa
tion
3. Curriculum Reforms
4. Expansion of Educational Access
5. Higher Education Development
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
16
7. Educational Exchange Programs
RESTORATION OF THE AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

The United States played a crucial

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
role in helping the Philippines
tem
restore its pre-war education
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa system. The American-style
tion education system, which
3. Curriculum Reforms emphasized democratic values,
English language instruction, and a
4. Expansion of Educational Access broad curriculum, was reinstated.
5. Higher Education Development This system became a foundation
for the development of post-war
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop education in the country.
ment
17
7. Educational Exchange Programs
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

In 1947, the Bureau of Public

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
Instruction was renamed the
tem
Department of Education. The
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa department was tasked with
tion overseeing the entire education
3. Curriculum Reforms system, from elementary to higher
education. This change aimed to
4. Expansion of Educational Access centralize and improve the
5. Higher Education Development management and quality of
education.
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
18
7. Educational Exchange Programs
CURRICULUM REFORMS

The curriculum was redesigned to

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
promote Filipino culture, history,
tem
and values, while still maintaining
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa a focus on core subjects such as
tion mathematics, science, and
3. Curriculum Reforms language arts. The goal was to
foster a sense of national identity
4. Expansion of Educational Access and pride among Filipino students.
5. Higher Education Development
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
19
7. Educational Exchange Programs
EXPANSION OF EDUCATIONAL ACCESS

Efforts were made to improve

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
access to education for all Filipinos,
tem
regardless of their socio-economic
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa status. This included the
tion construction of new schools,
3. Curriculum Reforms particularly in rural areas, and the
implementation of programs to
4. Expansion of Educational Access reduce illiteracy rates.
5. Higher Education Development
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
20
7. Educational Exchange Programs
HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT

The post-war period saw the

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
expansion and improvement of
tem
higher education institutions.
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa Universities and colleges were
tion established or rebuilt, and
3. Curriculum Reforms scholarship programs were
introduced to help more students
4. Expansion of Educational Access pursue higher education.
5. Higher Education Development
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
21
7. Educational Exchange Programs
TEACHER TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The government emphasized the

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
importance of quality teaching by
tem
investing in teacher training and
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa professional development
tion programs. This helped ensure that
3. Curriculum Reforms educators were well-equipped to
deliver effective instruction.
4. Expansion of Educational Access
5. Higher Education Development
6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop
ment
22
7. Educational Exchange Programs
EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

The Philippines engaged in

1. Restoration of the American Education Sys
educational exchange programs
tem
with other countries, particularly
2. Establishment of the Department of Educa the United States. These programs
tion allowed Filipino students and
3. Curriculum Reforms educators to study and train
abroad, bringing back new ideas
4. Expansion of Educational Access and practices to enhance the local
5. Higher Education Development education system.

6. Teacher Training and Professional Develop

ment
23
7. Educational Exchange Programs
 PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

GLO BAL IZ ATIO N

TH E O RY
25
 GLOBALIZATION THEORY

Globalization has had a significant impact

on Philippine education, shaping it in
various ways

26
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Access to Global Knowledge

Globalization has facilitated the exchange of

knowledge and educational resources, allowing
Filipino students and educators to access a
wealth of information from around the world.
This has helped improve the quality of
education and introduced new teaching
methodologies and curricula.
27
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Cultural Exchange

Globalization has encouraged cultural exchange

and understanding, promoting a more diverse
and inclusive educational environment.
Students are exposed to different cultures and
perspectives, fostering a global outlook.

28
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Economic Opportunities

Globalization has opened up new economic

opportunities for Filipino students, with many
pursuing higher education abroad to gain skills
and knowledge that are in demand globally. This
has led to an increase in the number of Filipino
professionals working overseas, contributing to
the economy through remittances.
29
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Technological Advancements

The integration of technology in education has

been accelerated by globalization. Online
learning platforms, digital resources, and virtual
classrooms have become more prevalent,
making education more accessible and flexible.

30
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Challenges and Inequities

While globalization has brought many benefits,

it has also highlighted existing inequities in the
education system. Not all students have equal
access to resources and opportunities, and
there is a need to address these disparities to
ensure inclusive education for all.

31
 GLOBALIZATION HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON PHILIPPINE EDUCATION,
SHAPING IT IN VARIOUS WAYS

Cultural Exchange

Globalization has encouraged cultural exchange

and understanding, promoting a more diverse
and inclusive educational environment.
Students are exposed to different cultures and
perspectives, fostering a global outlook.

32
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