Exploring the Evolution
of Education in the
Philippines
This presentation will delve into the philosophies of education that
shaped the Philippines during the New Society and after the 1987
constitution. We will examine key developments and reforms,
shedding light on the evolution of Philippine education.
JS
by Janejie Sumalpong
Education Under Ferdinand
Marcos
1 Pre-Martial Law
Education system under democratic governance with a focus on
liberal arts and democratic values.
2 Martial Law Era (1972-1986)
Imposition of martial law led to significant changes in education
policies and curriculum.
3 Post-Marcos Era
Transition to democratic governance resulted in reforms and
adjustments to the education system.
Filipinization of the Curriculum
1 Nationalist Focus 2 National Language
Emphasis on Filipino history, culture, and language to foster Promotion of the national language, Filipino, alongside English,
national pride and identity. as a medium of instruction.
3 Cultural Heritage 4 National Identity
Inclusion of traditional Filipino values and cultural practices in Aim to cultivate a sense of national unity and shared identity
the curriculum. among Filipinos.
Emphasis on Nationalism and Cultural Identity
Nationalist Propaganda Cultural Expression Patriotic Values
Promotion of nationalistic narratives and Encouragement of traditional arts, music, Emphasis on civic duty, loyalty to the
ideals through textbooks and teaching and literature, showcasing Filipino nation, and obedience to authority as
materials. creativity and heritage. core values.
Education Under Martial Law: 1972-1986
Nationalized Education Control and Censorship
The Marcos administration focused on nationalizing The government exerted strong control over education,
education, promoting a sense of Filipino identity and enforcing strict censorship and limiting academic
national unity. This involved the standardization of freedom. Universities were closely monitored, and
curriculum and textbooks. dissent was suppressed.
Aims and Principles of Education in The New
Society
National Development Civic Values Social Equality
The New Society aimed to foster a Civic values and moral development Education was seen as a tool for
skilled workforce to support rapid were emphasized, fostering national social mobility, with a focus on
industrialization and national pride and promoting a strong sense providing equal access to
development, emphasizing technical of patriotism among Filipino educational opportunities across
and vocational education. students. socioeconomic classes.
Developments in Higher Education
1 1. Expansion of Universities 2 2. Focus on Technical and
Vocational Training
The number of universities and colleges expanded
significantly during the Marcos era, but quality The New Society placed a strong emphasis on
was uneven. New institutions focused on technical technical and vocational education to meet the
and vocational programs. demands of the industrializing economy, with a
focus on job-specific skills.
Technical and Vocational
Education Expansion
Skills Development
Emphasis on technical and vocational training to meet the demands
of the growing economy.
Job Market
Preparation of students for the workforce by equipping them with
practical and marketable skills.
Industrialization
Supporting the government's goal of industrialization and economic
development.
Technical and
Vocational Education
Skilled Workforce Economic Growth
Technical and vocational The focus on technical
education aimed to equip education was linked to the
Filipinos with the necessary government's goal of boosting
skills to fill job openings in the economy and attracting
industries, emphasizing foreign investment.
practical training.
Funding Challenges and
Inequalities
Unequal Distribution Rural vs. Urban
Limited resources and uneven Urban areas generally had better-
allocation of funds led to funded schools and resources
disparities in access to quality compared to rural communities.
education.
Socioeconomic Factors
Children from disadvantaged backgrounds faced significant challenges in
accessing and succeeding in education.
Role of the Marcos Regime in
Shaping Education
Centralized Control Nationalist Agenda
The Marcos regime implemented Emphasis on nationalism and cultural
centralized control over the education identity was a key aspect of the regime's
system. educational policies.
Economic Development Enduring Impact
Focus on technical and vocational The Marcos regime's policies continue to
education to support the government's influence education in the Philippines
economic development goals. today.
Philosophy of
Education under
the 1987
Philippine
Constitution
The 1987 Philippine Constitution, crafted after the People
Power Revolution, laid the groundwork for a new era in
education. It emphasized the importance of education in
national development and the integral role of the individual in
society.
Historical Context and the 1987 Constitution
1 Pre-colonial Period
Traditional education focused on practical skills and values.
2 Spanish Colonization
Introduced formal education based on the Spanish curriculum.
3 American Occupation
Established a public education system based on the American model.
4 Post-colonial Period
Struggled with educational challenges and reforms.
5 1987 Constitution
Redefined the philosophy and goals of education, emphasizing national development and human ri
The 1987 Philippine
Constitution and Education
1 Right to Education
The 1987 Constitution enshrines the right to quality education for
all Filipinos, emphasizing access and equity in educational
opportunities.
2 Democratic Values
The constitution emphasizes the development of democratic
values, critical thinking, and active citizenship among Filipino
students.
3 National Development
The constitution supports the role of education in national
development, promoting scientific and technological
advancement, and economic progress.
Fundamental Goals of
Education
1 Develop Moral 2 Promote Intellectual
Character Development
Instilling values, ethical Cultivating critical
behavior, and thinking, problem-
responsible citizenship. solving, and creativity.
3 Foster Personal 4 Prepare for Lifelong
Growth Learning
Supporting students' Equipping students
physical, emotional, with the skills and
and social well-being. knowledge necessary
to adapt to a changing
world.
Right to Education as a
Human Right
Universal Declaration Philippine Constitution
of Human Rights
Article XIV guarantees the
Article 26 recognizes the right of every citizen to
right to education as a quality and accessible
fundamental human right. education.
Importance of Access
Ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to receive
education regardless of their background.
State's Duty to Protect
and Promote Education
Provision of Quality Education Investing in teachers,
curriculum, and facilities.
Expansion of Access Creating opportunities for
marginalized groups.
Ensuring Affordability Offering scholarships,
subsidies, and other
financial assistance.
Promoting Research and Encouraging
Innovation advancements in
educational practices and
technologies.
Role of the Family in
Education
Nurturing Environment Active Participation
Creating a safe and Encouraging children's
supportive home for learning. curiosity and involvement in
learning.
Value of Education Partnership with Schools
Instilling a love for learning Collaborating with educators
and a strong work ethic. to support children's
academic success.
Academic Freedom and
Institutional Autonomy
Academic Freedom
The right of teachers and researchers to explore ideas
and express their views freely.
Institutional Autonomy
The ability of universities to govern themselves and
make decisions about their academic programs and
policies.
Importance for Innovation
Fostering creativity, critical thinking, and intellectual growth.
Reforms and Challenges in the Post-Marcos Era
Decentralization
Education was decentralized to empower local governments and communities in
1 shaping their educational systems.
Curriculum Reform
2 Focus on student-centered learning, critical thinking, and 21st-century
skills, emphasizing creativity, collaboration, and innovation.
Quality Improvement
Quality assurance initiatives aimed to improve the quality of
3
education, focusing on teacher training, resources, and
assessment systems.
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementation
Challenges Opportunities
• Inequality of access and opportunity • Technological innovation in education
• Lack of resources in rural areas • Increased focus on lifelong learning
• Teacher shortages and inadequate training • Strengthening partnerships with stakeholders
• Rapid technological advancements • Investing in research and development
Conclusion: Lessons Learned and the
Future of Philippine Education
The Philippines has undergone significant transformations in its educational landscape, reflecting evolving societal
needs and values. While challenges persist, a focus on quality, equity, and innovation is essential for the future of
Philippine education.
