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Arrangements of Electrons in Atoms: The Development of A New Atomic Model Chapter 4, Sec. 1

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23 views27 pages

Arrangements of Electrons in Atoms: The Development of A New Atomic Model Chapter 4, Sec. 1

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yadiseby
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Arrangements of

Electrons in Atoms
The Development of a New
Atomic Model
Chapter 4, Sec. 1
Early 20 Century
th

 Rutherford’s model was good, but did not


explain how the negative electrons are
distributed in space.
 It was revealed that there is a relationship
between light and an atom’s electrons.
 Before 1900, scientists thought of light’s
behavior as waves ONLY!
The Wave Description of Light
 Electromagnetic Radiation: Form of
energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as
it travels through space. (Examples)
 Electromagnetic Spectrum: All the forms
of electromagnetic radiation.
 All forms of Electromagnetic Radiation
move at a constant speed, 3.00 x 108 m/s
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Waves
 Waves have a repetitive nature.

Wavelength(λ): Distance between points on


adjacent waves (What is the unit?)
 Amplitude: From origin to top of wave.
Waves Continued
 Frequency(ν): The number of waves to
pass a given point in a specific time,
usually a second. (s-1) or (Hertz, Hz)
 Electromagnetic Radiation:
c=λ*ν
where c is speed of light(m/s)
λ is wavelength (m)
ν is frequency (s-1)
Waves Continued
 Since c=λ*ν, and c is a constant, then…
λ*ν is also a constant.
 Frequency and wavelength are
INVERSELY proportional to one another.
 So if wavelength increases what happens
to frequency?
 If wavelength decreases what happens to
frequency?
 What is the wavelength of a microwave
that has a frequency of 3.44 x 109 Hz?
 What is the frequency of an x-ray with a
wavelength of 1.15 x 10-10 m?
 Light reflected from a green leaf is found
to have a wavelength of 490 nm. What is
the frequency of the light?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Early 1900s, scientists did 2 experiments
involving interactions of light and matter
that could not be explained by wave
theory of light.

1. Photoelectric Effect
2. The Hydrogen Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum
Photoelectric Effect
 Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons
from a metal when light shines on the metal.
 For a given metal, no electrons were being
emitted if the light’s frequency was below a
certain minimum (regardless of intensity)
 Thought that since light is a form of energy, then
it is capable of knocking an electron loose from
a metal, and the wave theory of light said light of
ANY frequency could give enough energy to
release the electrons.
 Scientists could not explain why they needed a
minimum frequency for the photoelectric effect to
happen.
Photoelectric Effect Cont.
 Max Plank studied the emission
of light of hot objects. He
proposed that hot objects do not
emit electromagnetic energy
continuously, like in waves, but
in small packets called quanta.
Photoelectric Effect Cont.
 Quantum of energy is minimum quantity
of energy that can be lost or gained by an
atom.
 Equation is E=h ν
 E is energy in Joules, ν is frequency in s-1, and
h is a constant (Plank’s constant) which equals
6.626 x 10-34 J•s
Photoelectric Effect Cont.
 1905 Einstein expanded on Plank’s theory
by introducing the fact the electromagnetic
radiation has a dual wave-particle nature.
 He said that light has wave like properties
and a stream of particles. Each particle
carries a quantum of energy, called
photons, which are particles of
electromagnetic radiation having zero
mass and carrying a quantum of energy.
 Ephoton=hv, so energy of a photon depends
on what?
The Hydrogen Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum
 When a current is passed through a gas
at low pressure, the potential energy of
some of the gas atoms increase.
 Two kinds of states of an atom:
1. Ground State: The lowest energy state of an
atom.
2. Excited State: A state in which an atom has a
higher potential energy than it has in its
ground state.
 Every object gets its color by reflecting a certain
portion of incident light. The color is determined
by the wavelength of the reflected photons, thus
by their energy. What is the energy of a photon
from the violet portion of the Sun’s light if it has a
frequency of 7.230 x 1014 s-1?
 If a microwave has a frequency of 2.88
x1010 Hz, what is it’s energy?
 The blue color in some fireworks occurs when copper (I)
chloride is heated to approximately 1500K and emits a
blue light of wavelength 4.50 x 102 nm. What does the
energy of a photon of this light carry?
The Hydrogen Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum Cont.
 When an excited atom returns to its ground
state, it gives off energy it gained in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
 What color do you see for Hydrogen gas?
 ***When a narrow beam of the emitted light was
shined through a prism, it separated into 4
specific colors of visible light. This is know as
Line-Emission Spectrum.***
 Note-There was light found in UV and Infrared
regions of Hydrogen’s line-emission spectrum
The Hydrogen Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum Cont.
 Classical Theory predicted the Hydrogen
atom would be excited by whatever energy
added to them and expected to see a
continuous spectrum.
 Why did Hydrogen only give off specific
frequencies of light?
 To explain this, a new atomic theory,
Quantum Theory
The Hydrogen Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum Cont.
 When excited Hydrogen atom falls to ground
state, what happens?
 The energy of a photon is equal to what?
Ephoton=h ν, which is equal to the difference in
energy between the atom’s initial and final
states.
 Since Hydrogen only emits light at specific
frequencies means that the energy differences
between atoms’ energy states are fixed.
Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
 Niels Bohr in 1913 solved the mystery of
the hydrogen atom spectrum.
 Stated that electrons circle the nucleus
only in allowed paths, or orbits. When
electrons are in this orbit, the atom has a
definite, fixed energy.
 When the electron is in the orbit closest to
the nucleus, the electron, and therefore
the atom, is in the lowest energy state.
This orbit is separated from the nucleus by
large empty space.
Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Continued
 The farther from the nucleus an orbit is the
higher in energy it is.
 Electrons can move to a higher energy orbit by
gaining the amount of energy equal to the
difference in energy between the higher energy
orbit and initial lower energy orbit.
 When an electron falls to a lower orbit, a photon
is emitted, called emission.
 When an electron moves from a low to a high
energy orbit, it gets energy called absorption.
Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Continued

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