TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
INTRODUCTION:
• Transactional Analysis is a theory developed by Dr. Eric Berne in the
1950s. Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne wanted a theory which
could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop
what came to be called Transactional Analysis (TA).
• Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that:
• people can change
• we all have a right to be in the world and be accepted
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - CONTRACTING
• Transactional Analysis is a contractual approach. A contract is "an
explicit bilateral commitment to a well-defined course of action" Berne
E. (1966). Which means that all parties need to agree:
• why they want to do something
• with whom
• what they are going to do
• by when
• any fees, payment or exchanges there will be
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS FIRST ORDER STRUCTURAL MODEL
• Berne devised the concept of ego
states to help explain how we are
made up, and how we relate to
others. These are drawn as three
stacked circles and they are one
of the building blocks of
Transactional Analysis. They
categorise the ways we think, feel
and behave and are called Parent,
Adult, and Child.
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - STROKES
• Stroking is an important aspects of the transactional analysis
• The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.”
• People need strokes for their sense of survival and well being on the
job. Lack of stroking can have negative consequences both on
physiological and psychological well being of a person.
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
CONTD.
There are three types of strokes:
• Positive strokes: the stroke one feel good, is a positive stroke.
Recognition, approval are some of the examples.
• Negative strokes: a stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative
stroke. negative strokes hurt physically or psychologically.
• Mixed strokes: a stroke may be of a mixed type also.
• Example :the boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job
inspite your limited experience.
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
THE STROKE ECONOMY
• Claude Steiner suggests that, as children, we are all indoctrinated by
our parents with five restrictive rules about stroking.
• don't give strokes when we have them to give
• don't ask for strokes when we need them
• don't accept strokes if we want them
• don't reject strokes when we don't want them
• don't give ourselves strokes
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
CONTD.
• Strokes can be positive or negative:
• A) "I like you"
• B) "I don't like you"
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
STROKES CAN BE UNCONDITIONAL OR
CONDITIONAL:
• An unconditional stroke is a stroke for being whereas a conditional
stroke is a stroke for doing. For instance:
• "I like you" - unconditional
• "I like you when you smile" - conditional
• As negative strokes these might be:
• "I don't like you" - negative unconditional
• "I don't like you when you're sarcastic" - negative conditional
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - LIFE POSITIONS
• In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about their own self worth as
well as about the worth of significant people in their environment.• The combination of
assumptions about self and the other person called as life position.
• Transactional analysis constructs the following classifications of the four possible life
positions or psychological positions:
• • I am OK,, you are OK.
• • I am OK, ,you are not OK
• .• I am not OK,, you are OK.
• • I an not OK,, you are not OK
•
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
CONTD.
• I am OK, you are OK: It appears to be an ideal life position. People with this type
of life position have confidence in themselves as well as trust and confidence in
others.
• I am OK, you are not OK: This is a distrustful psychological positions. This is the
attitude of those people, who think that whatever they do is correct.
• I am not OK, you are OK: This is a common position for those people who feel
power less when they compare themselves to others.
• I am not OK,you are not OK: people in this position tend to feel bad about
themselves and see the whole world as miserable. They do not trust others and
have no confidence in themselves.
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS:
• A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction.
• The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of the
exchanges between two persons. Thus where a verbal or non verbal
stimulus from one person is being responded by another person a
transaction occurs.
• Transactional analysis can help us to determine which ego state is most
heavily influencing our behaviour and the behaviour of the other
people with whom we interact.
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
CONTD.
• Depending on the ego states of the persons involved in transactions,
there three types of transactions:
• Complementary Transactions: Both people are operating from the
same ego state. There can be nine complementary transactions. They
are given below:
• Adult-Adult transactions Adult-Parent transactions Adult-Child
transactions Parent-Parent transactions Parent-Adult transactions
Parent-Child transactions Child-Parent transactions Child-Adult
transactions Child-Child transactions
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
CONTD.
• Crossed Transactions: a crossed transaction is one in which the
sender sends message a behaviour on the basis of his ego state, but this
message is reacted to by an unexpected ego state on the part of the
receiver. Crossed communication should be avoided as far as possible.
Whenever such transactions occur, communication tends to blocked and
a satisfactory transaction is not accomplished.
• Ulterior Transactions: Two ego states within the same person but one
disguises the other one.
•
Uzma Q. Khan , Sr Lecture , DPP , BUIC.
• Discussion
• Wrap it up.
