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Atomic structure

(Physics)

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26 views45 pages

Atomic structure

(Physics)

Uploaded by

lucyp2027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic Structure

Democritus 460 BC

► GreekPhilosopher
► Suggested world was
made of two things –
empty space and
“atomos”
 Atomos – Greek word for
uncuttable
►2 Main ideas
 Atoms are the smallest
possible particle of matter
 There are different types of
2
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1804
1. All matter is made of
atoms.
2. Atoms of one element are
all the same.
3. Atoms cannot be broken
down into smaller parts
4. Compounds form by
combining atoms
Dalton’s Early Atomic Model
► “Billiard
Ball” model
► he envisioned atoms as solid, hard
spheres, like billiard(pool) balls, so he
used wooden balls to model them
J.J. Thomson

1897
Discovered the electron

He was the first scientist to show the


atom was made of even smaller things
JJ Thomson
► Used the Cathode ray tube to discover
electrons
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

►By adding an electric field


Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+

-
-
 Adding an electric field cause the beam to
move toward the positive plate.
 Thomson concluded the beam was made of
negative moving pieces.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
Democritus, Dalton, Thomson Video
Eugen Goldstein 1850-1930
Using a cathode ray tube he
discovered canal rays which are
beams of positively charged
particles.
He is credited with the discovery of
protons in an atom.
Canal Rays discovery
Millikan’s Oil Drop
Experiment
• Determined the charge on an
electron
• Used Thomson’s charge
Millikan’s Oil Drop
to mass
Millikan’s Oil Drop
ratio to calculate theExperiment
Experiment mass
video
–of an
another

electron
Ernest Rutherford - 1913

• discovered the
nucleus of a
gold atom with
his “gold foil”
experiment
Using J.J Thomson’s Plum Pudding
atomic model, Rutherford predicted
the alpha particles would pass
straight though the gold foil. That’s
not what happened.
Gold Foil Experiment Results
most alpha particles go straight
through the gold foil
A few alpha particles are sharply
deflected
Rutherford’s Conclusion
►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►There is a small,
dense center
with a positive
charge.
►Rutherford
discovered the
nucleus in atoms
Rutherford’s Contribution to
the Atomic Theory
►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►The nucleus
is a small,
dense core
with a positive
charge.
Gold Foil video
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Structure of the Atom
► Atom – smallest particle of an element
that can exist alone
 Two regions of an atom
►Nucleus
 Center of atom
 Protons and neutrons
►Electron “cloud”
 Area surrounding nucleus
containing electrons
Structure of the Atom
► Proton
– Positive charge (+), 1
atomic mass unit (amu); found in the
nucleus
 amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a
neutron
► Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu;
found in the nucleus
► Electron – Negative charge (-), mass
is VERY small
Counting Atoms
► Atomic Number
 Number of protons in nucleus
 The number of protons determines
identity of the element!!

► Mass Number (Atomic Mass)


 Number of protons + neutrons
 Units are g/mol
Counting Atoms
► Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element with varying
number of neutrons
 Different isotopes have different mass
numbers because the number of neutrons
is different
Composition of the atom
video

Start at 3:25
Counting Atoms
 Nuclear Symbol Notation
Atoms
► Protonshave a positive (+) charge and
electrons have a negative (-) charge

► Ina neutral atom, the number of


protons equals the number of
electrons, so the overall charge is zero
(0)

 Example/ Helium, with an atomic number


of 2, has 2 protons and 2 electrons when
Ions
► In a neutral atom
 Atomic number = # of protons = #of
electrons

► Sometimes atoms will gain or lose


electrons and form IONS
► Because an electron has a negative
charge:
 When an atom GAINS electrons it
becomes NEGATIVE
 When an atom LOSES electrons it
Ions

Cation = a positive ion

Anion = a negative ion


Let’s Practice
► Aluminum (Al) (no periodic table)
 Protons = 13
 Electrons =
 Neutrons = 14
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =
Let’s Practice w/ nuclear
symbol notation
► NuclearSymbol
notation (no periodic
table)
108
A
 Protons =
 Electrons =

47
Neutrons =


Atomic Number =
Atomic Mass = g
Let’s Practice w/ isotopes
► use the periodic table


Protons =
Uranium-
Electrons =
 Neutrons = 235
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =
Let’s Practice with Ions
Use the periodic table
39
K
1+
 Charge =
 Protons =
 Electrons =
 Neutrons =
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =

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