DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND

CRISIS/INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
& THE INCIDENT
COMMAND SYSTEM
FINAL
COVERAGE

Hamilcar S. Monceda,MSCJ
PRELIMINARIES
The word "Crisis" is any event that is going (or is
expected) to lead to an unstable and dangerous
situation affecting an individual, group, community,
or whole society.
The crisis is deemed to be a negative change in the
• security
• economic
• political
• societal
• environmental affairs
especially when they occur abruptly, with little or
no warning.
PRELIMINARIES
Crisis is a wide variety of concern where collective
efforts must be bundles in, comprising all the vital
factors to consider in order to cope with its negative
consequences. Thus, responder and managers on
the ground are challenged by how to end with much
success on the negotiation and operational process.

Notable Example:
• Manila Hostage Crisis (Quirino Grand Stand)
• Super Typhoon Yolanda
Incident Command System
as a nation's approach to handling all forms of major
destructive incidents brought about by man-made
and/or natural disasters that requires a multi-
sectoral involvement and a whole-wide effort in the
response and recovery process.
BASIC CONCEPTS
CRISIS is a period of disorganization, a period of
upset during which people attempts at arriving at a
solution to problems. It is a crucial or decisive point
or situation.
Crisis is derived from the greek word "KRISIS" which
means to separate, a turning point decision in a
process of a series of events.
Emergency is derived from the latin word
"emergencia" means dipping/plugging. A sudden
condition calling for an immediate action.
 TYPES OF CRISIS

Man-Made Crisis Individual Crisis

Civil disturbances - strikes, riots, demonstrations - revolts such as It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces unpleasant
mutiny and insurrection - revolution, boarder incident - war: situation such as frustration and conflict.
conventional or nuclear - crimes: kidnapping, hijacking, hostage
taking etc.

Natural Crisis
Fire, floods, earthquakes, tidal waves marine/air disasters, hazardous
spills, power failure, nuclear accidents water/food shortage/scarcity,
drought - volcanic erruption, epidemic
 INDIVIDUAL CRISIS

Physical Crisis Social Crisis

Those that are related to health problems or bodily Experiencing a lack of interest, confidence, and social skills to relate
sickness/sufferings. meaningful, harmonious relationships with others.

Economics Crisis Moral Crisis

The deprivation of the basic necessities of life like food and material The person has an irrational or distorted concept of what is right or
things. wrong, lack of moral values and integrity of the person.

Emotional Crisis Psychosexual Crisis

When an individual is affected by negative feelings like emotional Failure of the person to assume one's sex role and identity as a man or
disturbances, fear, etc. woman. The person has an inappropriate sex objective, inadequate
and distorted expression of affection.
CONCEPT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis Management is the proper utilization of all

available resources and the formulation of policies
and procedure to effectively deal with progressive
sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or
unforeseen state (emergency).
THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT DOCTRINE

The crisis may start as basically a police or special

unit matter but could develop in proportion and
dimension requiring further military operations. It
the crisis situation is brought about by natural
calamities, then it is addressed by the National
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council. The
general idea is to prevent the occurrence of a
crisis, ensure a probability of success in minimizing
or neutralizing the perpetrator or to return the
situation into normalcy.
 PHASES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT

PRO - ACTIVE • PREDICTION THE REACTIVE PERFORMANCE

PHASE • PREVENTION PHASE • THE INITIAL ACTION
• PREPARATION • THE ACTION STAGE
• THE POST ACTION
STAGE

is the stage of advance planning, When crisis occurs despite the pro-
organization and coordination and active effort the organization
control in response to an concerned must prepare to perform
anticipated future crisis occurrence. the crisis management in
This phase is designed to predict or accordance with their plan.
prevent probability or occurrence of
the crisis while at the same time
prepares to handle them when they
occur.
 PREDICTION THREAT ANALYSIS OF TREAT
Stage of anticipating future crisis GROUPS
occurrences

Update Intelligence - involves the • Political Terrorist - ideologically inspire

collection of information from variety individuals who grouped together for a
of sources as basis of actions and common purpose usually for change of
plan. (contengency planning) government or political power.
Events - incidents that are already • Criminals - these are people who commit
passed which can facilitate analysis terrorist acts for personal rather than
necessary for identification of ideological gains.
probable threats groups, target and • Mentally Deranged Individuals - people
necessary for advance planning. commit terroristic acts during a period of
psychiatric disturbance.
 PREVENTION PREPARATION
This proactive phase considers countermeasures as
part of the total system of operation

Operational Security - a counterintelligence This pro-active phase involves organizing

measure where all aspects of awareness and training and eqipment personnel of the
training must be considered to prevent organization. In general, military
threat groups. It also refers to measures commanders and officers of the PNP must
taken in conducting operations or activities
organize, train and equip special reaction,
in secure and effective manner.
secuirty and negotiation elements and
Personal Security - all security measures
provide their immediate activation when the
designed to prevent unsuitable individuals of
need arises.
doughtful loyalty from gaining access to
classified matters or security facilities.
Physical Security - encompasses protection
of info, materials and people including
perimeter installation. A system of barrier
and the material to be protected.
 PREPARATION Composition of the OSCP

National Committee on Crisis Management TACTICAL UNIT - composed of regular

(NCCM) military or police placed under the
- serves as the umbrella organization for operational command of the OSC.
crisis management. The primary concern is • Reaction Team - Special action unit which
the formulation of crisis management
are specially organized, equipped and
policies, integration of military/police to
deployed in the region to hold special
public efforts towards the prevention and
operation in case of crisis incident.
control of crisis. • Security Element - military or police
The On-site Command Post (OSCP)
personnel task to protect the area of
- shall establish with in the crisis
perimeter security to prevent occurrence
incident site. It is a post or unit within a
of unecessary incidents.
probable target to be headed by an on-
scene commander (OSC) whose
responsibility is to take charge of every
happening of a crisis incident scene.
 Composition of the OSCP Composition of the OSCP

SUPPORT UNIT - it is a unit that provides the 4. Medical Team - responsible for all medical
necessary administrative, operational and supplies and services in cases of crisis
logistic support of the OSC. incidents.
• Intelligence Team - responsible for the
5. Fire Fighting Team - responsible for all
collection and processing of all
services related to extinguishing fires
information needed by the OSC.
intentionally set by perpetrators or during
• Communication Team - responsible for
the result of operations.
insuring effective communication
6. Administrative Personnel - personnel
between OSC and other units or sub-
assigned to OSC to keep written records of
units.
events, inocming or outgoing
• Logistic Team - responsible for ensuring
communications.
mess services, supplies (clothing,
7. Legal/Investigation Team - services of
equipment, transportation) and other
investigation, preservation of evidence,
logistic services.
documents and legal advice to the OSC.
 Composition of the OSCP

NEGOTIATION UNIT
- It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or
more members. Their primary concern is to serve first life, prevent
destruction and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of crisis
situation.
THE REACTIVE PHASE

When a crisis occurs despite the proactive effort, the organization

concerned must prepare to perform the crisis management in
accordance with their plan.
 THE REACTIVE PHASE THE REACTIVE PHASE

PERFORMANCE THE ACTION STAGE

• It is the action stage, the implementation • The action stage starts as soon as the
of the crisis management contingency tactical, support unit, and negotiation
plan. units arrive and are deployed. The OSC
INITIAL ACTION
discusses the incident with his
• the stage taken by the Initial Action Unit,
commander and staff and decides on the
which is composed of police and military
plans and actions to be taken.
personnel immediately organized into
NEGOTIATION
teams to initially respond to take incident
Chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as
and begin the containment effort. They
soon as he has been properly briefed and
are responsible for:
received appropriate instruction from the
⚬ maintain control of the situation
⚬ secure the scene by establishing perimeter OSC.
security
⚬ evacuate by standers if possible
⚬ prevent escape of perpetrator
 THE REACTIVE PHASE THE REACTIVE PHASE

TACTICAL ACTION
NEGOTIATION
• the tactical commander makes a
• He shall keep the OSCP informed of the
complete estimate of the crisis situation
progress of negotiations and shall take
and plans his courses of action upon
instructions only from the OSC. No
arrival at the scene while negotiation is
further negotiation shall be undertaken
in progress. He shall maintain continuous
when the tactical unit commander
contact with the OSCP. He shall take over
initiates tactical operations.
authority on reaction elements
throughout the tactical operations. He
shall take instructions only from the OSC
and coordinate all support requirements
with the OSCP.
 TERRORISM

Terrorism
• is a threat or actual use of force or
violence for political or other purposes,
to foster fear, insecurity, distrust, and
unrest among a specific group or the
general population.
• It is “Violence for effect, not primarily,
and sometimes not all for the physical
effect on the actual target, but rather
for its dramatic impact on the
audience.”
 CLASSIFICATION OF TERRORIST TYPES OF TERRORIST

NATIONAL TERRORIST STATE-SPONSORED TERRORIST

• WHICH CONSIST OF TERRORIST ACTS ON A STATE OR
• A TERRORIST WHO OPERATES AND
GOVERNMENT BY A STATE OR GOVERNMENT. EXAMPLE;
ASPIRES TO POLITICAL POWER PRIMARILY AL-QUEDA & ISIS
WITHIN A SINGLE NATION. dissent terrorist
• TERRORIST GROUP WHICH HAVE REBELLED AGAINST
transnational terrorist
THEIR GOVERNMENT. EX; ISIS, CPP-NPA
• A TERRORIST WHO OPERATES ACROSS TErrorist (left and right)
NATIONAL BORDERS, WHOSE ACTIONS • TERRORIST GROUP ROOTED IN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY.
religious terrorism
AND POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS MAY
• TERRORIST GROUP WHICH ARE EXTREMELY
AFFECT INDIVIDUALS OF MORE THAN RELIGIOUSLY MOTIVATED.
ONE NATIONALITY. criminal terrorism
• TERRORIST ACTS USED TO AID IN CRIME AND
international terrorist
CRIMINAL PROFIT. EX; ASG
• A TERRORIST WHO IS CONTROLLED BY, lone-wolf terrorist
AND WHOSE ACTIONS REPRESENT THE • SOMEONE WHO PREPARES AND COMMIT VIOLENT ACTS
ALONE, OUTSIDE OF ANY COMMAND STRUCTURE AND
NATIONAL INTEREST OF A SOVEREIGN
WITHOUT MATERIAL ASSISTANCE FROM ANY GROUP.
STATE.
HOSTAGE SITUATION

• is a set of circumstances
wherein a suspected law
violator is holding a person
captive with the use of force
and threat of violence while
the police are in close contact
with the suspect and his
captive.
 NEGOTIATION

• It is a systematic process of
starting work on a task of
negotiating and dealing with
hostage taker, wherein the
primary considerations are
the arrangement of terms
and conditions between
police authorities and
suspects necessary for the
release of hostages.
 NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATOR DEFINED
• Person charged in
establishing communication
with the hostage taker.
PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE
NEGOTIATION
1. Preserve lives
2. Apprehend the captors
3. Recover or protect properties.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

a. The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. His only value is as a toll to
get what the hostage-taker wants, not from the hostage but from the police
authorities.
b. Preventing violence in a hostage situation is the interest of the
hostage-taker, as it is to the authorities. In any case, if it goes violent, the
police authorities must always come out the victor.
c. Priorities in a hostage situation include the preservation of life and the
apprehension of the hostage-taker, recovery and the protection of property.
d. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the
hostage-taker because a hostage-taker who is bent on killing himself is a non-
negotiable case.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

a. The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. His only value is as a toll to
get what the hostage-taker wants, not from the hostage but from the police
authorities.
b. Preventing violence in a hostage situation is the interest of the
hostage-taker, as it is to the authorities. In any case, if it goes violent, the
police authorities must always come out the victor.
c. Priorities in a hostage situation include the preservation of life and the
apprehension of the hostage-taker, recovery and the protection of property.
d. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the
hostage-taker because a hostage-taker who is bent on killing himself is a non-
negotiable case.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR

HOSTAGE TAKERS
PARANOID-SCHIZOPRENICS
• they are usually above average in
intelligence, therefore be careful about
attempting to trick or lie to them.
• Accept their beliefs as being true to
them
• Do not try to argue or convince them
that their beliefs are wrong.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR HOSTAGE TAKERS

MANIC-DEPRESSIVE
▪ Understanding and support should be provided.
▪ Continually reassure them that they have self-worth
▪ Do not underestimate the situation by saying that what they are doing is
bad.
▪ Gently interrupt long statements
▪ Be alert for spontaneous events, these may indicate that a decision has
been reached to kill the hostages
▪ Gradual improvements over hours of negotiations are mush better
indicators
▪ It is alright to ask if a suspect has considered killing himself
-Once rapport has been established direct actions can be made.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR HOSTAGE TAKERS

INADEQUATE PERSONALITY
• Understanding and uncritical acceptance should be provided
• Help him find a way to end the incident by allowing him to save face
• Do not bring parents, friends etc. to the scene. This may invoke stronger
feelings or embarrassment.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR HOSTAGE TAKERS

ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
• It is important to remember that he is self-centered and will attempt to
make things easier on himself.
• Be careful about making tricks, he is usually “streetwise and police wise”
and experts to be tricked.
• Remember that he is familiar with the judicial system, so do not make
promises you can’t produce.
• He needs frequent ego stimulation
• Avoid discussing jail sentences or assistance
• Avoid any appearance of indecision or ambivalence
• Do not attempt to plat the role of therapist
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR HOSTAGE TAKERS

COMMON CRIMINAL
• He is the type of person who doesn't plan very well
• Often self-indulgent and impulsive
• Often lacks conscience or concern for others
• At first, relations with hostages will be uncomfortable because is worried
about what they might do and how to manage them. After some time he
may begin to relate to them as human beings.
• The approaches should be reality-oriented discussions to assist him in
recognizing the facts of the situation and convincing him to accept his
physical safety in return for the release of hostages.
PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION

NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR

HOSTAGE TAKERS
PRISONER
• A rapid police action before “true
leaders” of the unruly group can
emerge
• If rapid action is not possible,
negotiations should continue as if
dealing with a “mentally normal”
criminal
• If the hostages are guards or police
officers, the risk of injury increases
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TASK
FORCE

PATROL PERSONNEL
• Responds to the crime scene, confirms
the situation, evacuates injured and the
threatened, evaluates the situation,
establishes perimeter, establishes outer
perimeter, gathers intelligence, and
identifies command post.
FIELD COMMANDER
• Manager, controller, overall decision
maker, and delegates authority for
perimeters, negotiations, tactical
planning, support elements, logistics
and media relations.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TASK
FORCE

OPERATIONAL AIDE
• Report to field negotiator, setup temporary
headquarters, Coordinate assignment of off-
duty personnel arriving at the scene, Assist
units as necessary, and relay
orders/information to involved person;
receive request.
ADMINISTRATIVE AIDE
• Report to field negotiator, supervise
temporary headquarters and maintain
records of operations and units at the
scene.
ASSAULT TEAM
• Sharpshooter with high powered arms on
flack vest (protective armors)
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

BACKGROUND
• NDRRMC Memo Circular No. 4, series of
2012 - provides the implementing
guidelines on the use of the incident
command system (ICS) as an On-scene
Disaster Response and Management
Mechanism under the Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System (PDRRMS).
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR/EXECUTIVE OR
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIALS - the official
responsible for administering policy for an
agency or jurisdiction, having full authority for
making decisions, and providing direction to
the management organization for an incident.
• All Hazards - any incident, natural or human
induced, that warrants action to protect life,
property, environment, public health, or safety
and minimize disruptions of government,
social and economic activities.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• AREA COMMAND - an organization established
to oversee the management of multiple
incidents that are each being handled by a
separate ics organization or of a very large or
evolving incident that has multiple incident
management team engaged.
• Assistant- title for subordinates of principal
Command Staff positions. The title indicates a
level of technical capability, qualifications, and
responsibility subordinates to the primary
position.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• BASE - the location at which primary
logistics functions for an incident are
coordinated and administered. there is
only one base per incident.
• Branch - the organizational level having
functional or geographical responsibility
for major aspects of incident operations.
• Camp - a geographical site within the
general incident area that is equipped
and staffed to provide sleeping, food,
water, and sanitary services to ICS
personnel.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• CHAIN OF COMMAND - series of command,
control, executive, or management positions
in a hierarchical order of authority; an orderly
line of authority within the ranks of the
incident management organization.
• Chief - the Incident Command Title for an
individual responsible for the management of
functional sections.
• Command - the act of directing, ordering, or
controlling by virtue of explicit statutory,
regulatory, or delegated authority.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• COMMAND STAFF - consists of a public
information officer, liaison officer, and
other positions as required who report
directly to the incident commander.
• Common Terminology- the normal use
of words and phrases for the same
concepts, consistency.
• Community - consists of people,
property, services, livelihoods, and
environment; a legally constituted
administrative local government unit of
a country.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• COORDINATION - bringing together
organizations and elements to ensure an
effective counter-disaster response.
• Delegation of Authority - a statement or
instruction given to the incident commander
by the agency executive or responsible official
delegating authority and assigning
responsibility.
• Deputy - a fully qualified individual who, in the
absence of the superior, can be delegated the
authority to manage a functional operation or
perform a specific task.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• DISASTER - a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material,
economic, or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources.
• Disaster Response – the provision of emergency
services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save
lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public
safety, and meet the basic subsistence needs of
the people affected.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• EMERGENCY - unforeseen or sudden
occurrence, especially danger, demanding
immediate action.
• Emergency Management- the organization
and management of resources and
responsibilities for addressing all aspects of
emergencies, in particular, preparedness,
response, and initial recovery steps.
• Emergency Operations Center - the physical
location at which the coordination of
information and resources to incident
management activities.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• FINANCE/ADMINISTRATION SECTION - the ics
functional section responsible for approving
and tracking all expenditures and spending
related to the incident.
• Function - the term used when describing the
activity involved. Refers to five major activities
in the ICS; Command, Operations, Planning,
Logistics, and Finance/Administration.
• General Staff - a group of incident
management personnel organized according
to function and reporting to the incident
commander.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• HAZARD - a dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or condition that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood
or services, social and economic disruption,
or environmental damage.
• Jurisdiction - a range or sphere of authority.
• Liaison Officer - a member of the command
staff responsible for coordinating with
representatives from cooperating and
assisting agencies.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• LOGISTICS SECTION- the section responsible
for providing facilities, services, and material
support for the incident.
• Preparedness - measures taken to
strengthen the capacity of the emergency
services to respond in an emergency.
• Tactics - refers to those activities, resources,
and maneuvers that are directly applied to
achieve goals; deploying and directing
resources on an incident to accomplish the
objectives designated by the strategy.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

TERMS TO PONDER
• UNIFIED COMMAND (UC) - an incident
command system management option
that can be used when more than one
agency has incident jurisdiction or when
incidents cross political
boundaries/jurisdiction.
• Unity of Command - the concept by
which each person within the
organization reports to one and only
designated person.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

Basic Concept

Incident Command System (ICS)

• Standardized, on-scene, all

hazards incident management
concept.
• Non permanent organization
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

Incidents/events Managed by ICS

• Disaster caused by natural hazards
• Human-induced crisis
• Accidents such as fire, hazardous
materials, traffic accidents
• Human and animal diseases outbreaks
• Planned events ei. Fiestas, parades,
sports events, conferences, concerts
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

Incidents/events Managed by ICS

• Disaster caused by natural hazards
• Human-induced crisis
• Accidents such as fire, hazardous
materials, traffic accidents
• Human and animal diseases outbreaks
• Planned events ei. Fiestas, parades,
sports events, conferences, concerts
 TIMMERMAN INDUSTRIES

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