Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits (ICs) are chips,

pieces of semiconductor material, that
contain all of the transistors, resistors,
and capacitors necessary to create a
digital circuit or system.
Depending on the No. of Gates
present in the ICs, the
classification of IC:
◦ SSI(Small-Scale Integration)
- contain several independent gates in a
single package.
- The no. of gates are usually less than 10.
◦ MSI(Medium-Scale Integration)
- Approx. 100 to 200 gates.
- ex- decoders, adders, registers.
LSI(Large-Scale Integration)
- contains 200 to few thousands of
gates.
- ex- Digital systems such as
processors, memory chips.
VLSI(Very Large-Scale Integration)

- contains thousands of gates in a

single package.
- ex- complex microcomputer chips,
large memory arrays.
 Digital Logic Family
Based on the circuit technology to which the
IC belong, the following are the most popular
digital logic families:

• TTL - Transistor-transistor Logic

•ECL – Emitter-coupled Logic
•MOS – Metal-oxide semiconductor
•CMOS – Complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor
TTL - Transistor-transistor
Logic
Most widely used and standard logic family.
Evolution of DTL(Diode transistor Logic).
Variations of TTL:
- High speed TTL
- Low power TTL
- Schottky TTL
- Low-power Schottky TTL
- Advanced Schottky TTL
The power supply voltage for TTL circuits is
5 volts and two logic levels are approx. 0 &
0.3 volts
ECL – Emitter-coupled Logic
Provides highest speed digital
circuits as ICs.
Used in systems where high
speed is essential. Ex- super
computer, signal processors.
very fast operation - propagation
delays of 1ns or less
high power consumption,
perhaps 60 mW/gate
MOS – Metal-oxide
semiconductor
MOS logic is vastly used in LSI
and VLSI devices.
MOS logic family implements the
logic gates using MOSFET(MOS
Field Effect Transistor).
MOS logic gates can be
fabricated using either only
NMOS or only PMOS devices.

NMOS – N-Channel MOS

PMOS – P-Channel MOS
CMOS – Complementary metal-
oxide semiconductor
Considerably lower energy
consumption than TTL and ECL
most widely used family for large-
scale devices
combines high speed with low
power consumption
usually operates from a single
supply of 5 – 15 V
can be connected to a large number
of gates (about 50)
Decoders
A decoder is a combinational circuit
that converts binary information
from the n coded inputs to a
maximum of 2^n unique outputs.
N inputs and 2^N outputs.
A decoder selects one of the 2^N
outputs by decoding the binary
value on the N inputs.
Exactly ONE output will be active for
each combination of the inputs.
 3 to 8 line Decoder

D0

A0 D1
D2
D3
3 Inputs D4
A1 3*8 line Decoder
D5
8 outputs
D6

A2 D7

E
Enable Input
Truth Table for 3 to 8 line
decoder:
3 to 8 line decoder:

Binary to Octal Converter

 2 to 4 line Decoder

D0
A0
D1
2 Inputs
2*4 line Decoder D2
4 outputs
A1 D3

E
Enable Input
NAND Gate Decoder
Decoder Expansion:
Encoder
An Encoder is a digital circuit that
performs the reverse operation of
decoder.
An Encoder has 2^N input lines
and N output lines.
The output lines generate the
binary codes corresponding to
the input value.
The encoders are implemented
with OR gates.
 .
. 2^n : n line Encoder
2^N Inputs . N outputs
.
.
.
8 : 3 line Encoder(Octal to Binary
encoder)
A0 = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7
A1 = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
A2 = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
 Multiplexers
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that
receives binary information from one of 2^n
input data lines and directs it to single output
line.
 The selection of particular input data line for
the output is determined by a set of selection
inputs.
 A 2^n to 1 MUX has 2^n input data lines and n
input selection lines whose bit combinations
determine which input data are selected for
the output.
 A MUX is also called as Data Selector since it
selects one of many data inputs and directs the
binary information to the output.
Block Diagram of MUX
4 : 1 line Multiplexer

Function Table for 4:1 line MUX

Selection Mode Output
S0 S1 ‘Y’
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2
1 1 I3
8 : 1 line MUX

Function Table for 8:1 line MUX

Selection Mode Output
S0 S1 S2 ‘Y’
0 0 0 I0
0 0 1 I1
0 1 0 I2
0 1 1 I3
1 0 0 I4
1 0 1 I5
1 1 0 I6
1 1 1 I7
Registers
4 bit
Register:
4 bit register with parallel load:
Shift Registers
4 bit Shift Register:
Bidirectional shift register with
parallel load:
Binary Counters
Memory Unit
A memory unit is a collection of storage cells with
associated circuits needed to transfer information
in& out of storage.
 The memory stores binary information in groups of
bits called words.
 Special input lines called address lines select one
particular word where the information is to be stored.
 Each word in the memory is assigned an
identification number, called as address(0 to 2^k – 1)
 The selection of specific word inside the memory is
done by applying the binary address of the word to
the address line.
 A decoder inside the memory accepts this address
and opens the paths needed to select the bits of the
specified word.
 Two major types of memories are RAM and ROM
RAM(Random-Access
memory)
In RAM, memory cells can be
accessed for information transfer
from any desired random location.
Ram is volatile.

N data input lines provide the information to be stored in the

memory.
N data output lines supply the information coming out of the
memory.
The two operations the RAM can
perform are: Write & Read
On accepting one of these signals, the
internal circuits inside the memory
provide the desired function.

Steps to transfer new word to be

stored into the memory:
- Apply the binary address of the desired
word into the address lines.
- Apply the data bits that must be stored
in the memory into the data input lines.
- Activate the write input.
Steps to transfer a stored
word out of memory:
- Apply the binary address of the
desired word into the address
lines.
- Activate the read input.
ROM(Read-Only memory)
A ROM is a memory unit that performs
the read operation only; it does not
have a write capability.
The binary information stored in the
ROM is made permanent during the
hardware production of the unit.
ROMs comes with a special internal
electronic fuses that can be
programmed for a specific
configuration.
ROM is non-volatile.
 Types of ROMs:
- PROM: The users are allowed to program PROMs in
their work stations. The fuses are blown by application
of current pulses.
- EPROM: The stored contents are erased when
EPROM is placed under a special UV ray/light for a
given time period.
- EEPROM: The contents of the EEPROMs can be
erased with electrical signals instead of UV light.