Learning Objectives

Students will be able to

1. recall some patterns which occur in their day to
day life.
2. know the condition when the pattern will be in
arithmetic progression.
3. know various terms associated with AP, i.e 1st
term and common difference.
4. understand different types of AP, finite & infinite.
5. understand the formula to find nth term and sum
of n terms of an AP.
6. apply the knowledge of finding nth term and
sum of n terms of an AP in solving day to day life
problems.
Sequence
A sequence is a set of numbers
written in a particular order
Examples of sequence:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . .
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . . .
1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, . . . ,
1, 3, 5, 9
Series
A series is something we obtain from a
sequence by adding all the terms together.
For example, let us consider the sequence
of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . ., n .
 Then S1 = 1, as it is the sum of just the
first term on its own.
The sum of the first two terms is S2 = 1 +
2 = 3.
 Continuing, we get S3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ,
S4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 ,
Arithmetic progressions
An arithmetic progression, or AP, is
a sequence where each new term
after the first is obtained by adding
a constant d, called the common
difference, to the preceding term.
If the first term of the sequence is
a then the arithmetic progression is
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . .
Where d is the common difference
To check that a given terms are in A.P.
or not.
2, 6, 10, 14….
Here first term a = 2,
find differences in the next terms a2-a1
=6 – 2 = 4
a3-a2 = 10 –6 = 4

a4-a3 = 14 – 10 = 4

Since the difference between

the consecutive terms is same
Hence the given terms are in
A.P.
which the given series is in A.P. 4, k –
1 , 12
Solution : Given A.P. is 4, k –1 , 12…..
If series is A.P. then the differences will
be common.
d1 = d1
a2 – a1 = a3 – a2
k – 1 – 4 = 12 – (k – 1)
k–5 = 12 – k + 1
k + k = 12 + 1 + 5
2K=18
K=9
 ACTIVITY-1
Objective: To verify that the
given sequence is an arithmetic
progression by paper cutting and
pasting method.
Materials required: coloured
paper, pair of scissors, geometry
box, fevicol, sketch pens, one
squared paper
 ACTIVITY-1(continued..)
Procedure : Take a given sequence of
numbers say a1 , a2 , a3 …. 2. Cut a
rectangular strip from a colored paper
of width k = 1 cm (say) and length a1
cm. 3. Repeat this procedure by
cutting rectangular strips of the same
width k = 1cm and lengths a2 , a3 , a4
, … cm. 4. Take 1 cm squared paper
and paste the rectangular strips
adjacent to each other in order.
 ACTIVITY-1(continued..)
Let the sequence be 1, 4, 7, 10, ….
Take strips of lengths 1 cm, 4 cm, 7
cm and 10 cm, all of the same
width say 1 cm. Arrange the strips
in order as shown in Fig 2(a).
Observe that the adjoining strips
have a common difference in
heights. (In this example it is 3
cm.)
ACTIVITY-1(continued..)
 ACTIVITY-1(continued..)
Let another sequence be 1, 4, 6, 9,
… Take strips of lengths 1 cm, 4
cm, 6 cm and 9 cm all of the same
width say 1 cm. Arrange them in an
order as shown in Fig 2(b). Observe
that in this case the adjoining strips
do not have the same difference in
heights.
ACTIVITY-1(continued..)
 Conclusion
So, from the figures, it is observed
that if the given sequence is an
arithmetic progression, a ladder is
formed in which the difference
between the heights of adjoining
steps is constant. If the sequence is
not an arithmetic progression, a
ladder is formed in which the
difference between adjoining steps
is not constant.
nth Term of an AP

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, . .

.is an AP. where a is the first term,
and d is the common difference.

 If we wanted to write down the n-

th term, we would have a + (n −

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + ሺ 𝑛 − 1ሻ × 𝑑
1)d ,
 Let’s see an example

EXAMPLE 1: Let a=2, d=2, n=12,find An

An=a+(n-1)d
=2+(12-1)2
=2+(11)2
=2+22

Therefore, An=24

Hence solved.
nth Term of an AP

Example-2: Write down the first

five terms of the AP with first
term 8 and common difference
7.
Ans: 8,15,22,29,36
Example-3: Write down the first
five terms of the AP with first
term 2 and common difference
−5.
nth Term of an AP
Example 4: What is the
common difference of the AP
11, −1, −13, −25, . . . ?
Ans: common difference = -1-11
=-13-
(-1)
=-12
nth Term of an AP
Example-5: Find the 17th term of the
arithmetic progression with first
term 5 and common difference 2.
Ans: Here a= 5 , d=2
𝑎17 = 5 + ሺ 17 − 1ሻ × 2 = 5 + 32 = 37
The sum of an
arithmetic series
Sometimes we want to add the terms of a
sequence. Let us see the video
https://youtu.be/S6F6jeVX-b8
What would we get if we wanted to add the
first n terms of an arithmetic progression?
We would get Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d)
+ . . . + (ℓ − 2d) + (ℓ − d) + ℓ .
This is now a series, as we have added
together the n terms of a sequence. This is
an arithmetic series, and we can find its sum
by using a trick.
The sum of an
arithmetic series
Let us write the series down again,
but this time we shall write it down
with the terms in reverse order.
We get Sn = ℓ + (ℓ − d) + (ℓ − 2d)
+ . . . + (a + 2d) + (a + d) + a
2Sn = (a + ℓ) + (a + ℓ) + (a + ℓ)
+ . . . + (a + ℓ) + (a + ℓ) + (a + ℓ),
2Sn = n(a + ℓ)
The sum of an arithmetic
series
Sn = ½ n(a + ℓ).
ℓ = a + (n − 1)d ,
Sn = ½ n(a + ℓ)
Sn = ½ n(a + a + (n − 1)d)
 Sn= ½ n(2a + (n − 1)d).
The sum of an arithmetic
series
Example -1: Find the sum of the first 50
terms of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . .
Solution : This is an arithmetic
progression,
a = 1 , d = 2 , n = 50 .
Sn = ½ n(2a + (n − 1)d)
S50 = ½ × 50 × (2 × 1 + (50 − 1) × 2)
= 25 × (2 + 49 × 2)
= 25 × (2 + 98) = 2500
The sum of an arithmetic
series
Example-2: Find the sum of the series 1
+ 3·5 + 6 + 8·5 + . . . + 101 .
Solution : Given a=1 , d= 3.5 - 1 = 2.5 and
ℓ=101
we know ℓ = a + (n − 1)d
101 = 1 + (n − 1) × 2·5 .
100 = (n − 1) × 2·5
40 = n − 1
n = 41
So, Sn = ½ n(a+ ℓ)= ½
×41(1+101)=2091
The sum of an arithmetic
series
Example -3: An arithmetic progression
has 3 as its first term. Also, the sum of
the first 8 terms is twice the sum of the
first 5 terms. Find the common
difference.
Solution : Given a = 3.
S8= ½ × 8 × (6 + 7d), S5= ½ × 5 × (6
+ 4d)
S8 = 2S5, we see that
½ × 8 × (6 + 7d) = 2 × ½ × 5 × (6 +
4d)
of
A.P. 100, 105, 110, 115,,………500

Solution : First term is a = 100 , a n = 500

Common difference is d = 105 -100 =

5
nth term a n = a + (n-1)d
is
500 = 100 + (n-
1)5
500 - 100 = 5(n –
1)
400 = 5(n – 1)
5(n – 1) = 400
5(n – 1) = 400
n – 1 = 400/5
n - 1 = 80
n = 80 +
1
n = 81
Hence the
no. of term
is 81.
Example 5 . Find the sum of 30 terms of
given A.P 12 , 20 , 28 , 36
Solution : Given A.P. is 12 , 20, 28 , 36
Its first term is a = 12
Common difference is d = 20 – 12
=8
The sum to n terms of an arithmetic
progression Sn= n/2 [ 2a + (n - 1)d ]

= ½ x 30 [ 2x 12 + (30-1)x
8]
= 15 [ 24 + 29 x8]
= 15[24 + 232]
= 15 x 246
= 3690

THE SUM OF TERMS IS 3690

 Summary
In this chapter, you have studied
the following points :
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a
list of numbers in which each term
is obtained by adding a fixed
number d to the preceding term,
except the first term. The fixed
number d is called the common
difference.
The general form of an AP is a, a +
 Summary
A given list of numbers a1, a2,
a3, . . . is an AP, if the differences a 2
– a1, a3 – a2, a 4 – a3, . . ., give the
same value, i.e., if ak + 1 – ak is the
same for different values of k.
 In an AP with first term a and
common difference d, the nth term
(or the general term) is given by
an = a + (n – 1) d.
 Summary
The sum of the first n terms of an
AP is given by :
S n= ½ n[2a+(n-1)d]
If l is the last term of the finite AP,
say the nth term, then the sum of
all terms of the AP is given by :
Sn = ½ n(a+l)
 MIND MAP
Sum of first n positive
integers
Let s n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... n
How many 2-digit numbers
are divisible by 3? a = 1, last term l = n

sn=
n(a+l)
2-digit numbers divisible by
3 12, 15, 18, ... 99 n(n+l
n(1+n)
or s n =)
=
2
a = 12, d = 3, a n = 99 2n (a+
s =n
a n = a + (n– l) 2
1)d 99 = 12 2
87
+ (n–1)3 List of numbers in which each
i.e., n–1 =3 =
29 term is obtained by adding a fixed
n =
number
30
to the preceding term except the first
term. Fixed number is called common
difference.
er
a, a+d, a+2d,
Arithm a+3d, ... a+(n –1)
etic d
Progres
If a, b, c, are in
AP, sion Fixed number in arithmetic
a + progression which provides
b = 2
c the to and fro terms by
Te
h

b is arithmetic adding/ subtracting from

mean the present number.
From Can be positive or
beginning a n negative.
When first term of
= a+(n–1)d
common differnce When first & a – first
Herea- First term

𝑆 = 𝑛 {2𝑎 + (𝑛 −
is given : last terms are term

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝑎
d- common
2
given:
𝑛

1)𝑑} 2
d difference
+ 𝑎𝑛 )
– di
c
o
m
o