Practical

Research2
Quarter 2

Research
1.What do you call the tool used for measuring, observing, or
documenting quantitative data?
A. plagiarism check C. statistical tool
B. research instrument D. none of the above

2. What is the first step to undertake in searching research

instrument?
A.assign numeric scores in collecting data
B.identify the database to locate the instrument
C.identify the variables in the problem
D.operationally defined the variables

3. Which of the following statement is false in developing a

research instrument for a beginner?
E.It is not easy to develop a research instrument.
F. Developing one’s own instrument is time-consuming.
G.Developing research instrument requires energy and effort.
4. Which of the following is false in obtaining a research
instrument?
A.It is not necessary to ask for owner’s permission.
B.If the instrument has been published, contact the publisher.
C.If the instrument is unpublished, contact the author
directly.
D.Read the permission terms to determine if it is available for
reuse.

5. What kind of instrument means commercially published, and

is typically available for sale?
E.Developed Instruments C. Researcher Made
Instruments
F. Published Instruments D. Unpublished Instruments

6. Which of the following is an organized collection of

7. Which of the following is the correct flow of acquiring research
instruments?
A.identifying variable –operationally define variable-identify numeric
scores
B.operationally define variable- identifying variable- identify
numeric scores
C.identifying variable –operationally define variable-look for
instrument in database
D.operationally define variable- identifying variable- look for
instrument in Database

8. What instrument is used to measure feelings toward a certain

topic?
E.achievement test C. behavioral checklist
F. affective scale D. interest inventory

9. Which of the following test used to determine a person's ability in

10. Which of the database is use for finding instruments related
to education?
A.APA PsycTests C. CINAHL
B.ERIC D. Tests and Measures in the Social
Sciences

11. Which of the following is a quality of a research instrument

that is dependable, consistent and stable?
C.validity C. both a and b
D.reliability D. neither a and b

12. What type of reliability is use when the same instrument is

administered twice to the same group of subjects and the
correlation coefficient is determined?
E.alternate forms reliability C. interrater reliability
F. internal consistency D. test retest reliability
13. Which of the following describes content validity?
A.It is the extent to which the test measures a theoretical construct or trait.
B.It is determined by showing how well predictions made from the test this was
confirmed by evidence.
C.It means the extent to which the content or topics of the test is truly
representative of the content of the course.
D.It is the degree to which the test agrees or correlates with a criterion set up as
an acceptable measure.

14. You take the blood pressure of a 64 year old man with a cuff designed for a
child. You repeat your measurement three times and get similar readings.
What is the quality of the measurement used?
A.the measurement is reliable C. both a and b
B.the measurement is valid D. neither a or b

15. Which of the following is not found in the Research Instrument Write- up?
C.validity and reliability
D.information on how it was normed
E.the source or developers of the instrument
F. what database the instrument was located
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1.Identify and operationally define the variables in the problem;
2.Locate and adopt a research instrument;
3.Determine the validity and reliability of the adopted research
instrument;
4.Explain the importance of validity and reliability of a research
instrument;
5.Ask permission of the adopted research instrument; and
6.Make a write-up of research instruments used in one’s
research study.

7
 With the identification of participants and a procedure for gaining
permission, you will now, turn to the specific FORMS of data that will help you
answer your research questions or address your research hypotheses.
This step involves identifying the variables in your questions and hypotheses,
finding definitions for these variables, and considering types of information that
will help you assess these variables, a process outlined in Figure 1 was shown
using the variable self-efficacy.
Research questions and hypotheses contain variables. To determine what data
need to be collected, you need to identify clearly the variables in your study.
This will include independent, dependent, and control variables. A useful
strategy is to make a list of the variables so that you can determine what
variables are operating in a study. Study Figure 1 and answer the following
questions:
1.What was the variable identified?
2.How was the variable operationally defined?
3.What research instrument was used in collecting information to
this variable?
4.What numeric scores were used in collecting data to the variable?
5.Was the flow of activities helpful in deciding what research
instrument are you going to use? Why?
 Figure 1 : Flow of activities in identifying Research Instrument

The diagram shows the flow of activities one has to

undertake to be able to identify what instrument to be used
and what numeric data shall be collected.
Research Instrument
A research instrument is a tool for measuring,
observing, or documenting quantitative data. Identified
before the researchers collect data, the instrument may be
a test, questionnaire, tally sheet, log, observational
checklist, inventory, or assessment instrument.

Researchers use instruments to measure achievement,

assess individual ability, observe behavior, develop a
psychological profile of an individual, or interview a person.
In quantitative research, four major types of information
are gathered, as shown in Table 1. Definitions and examples
in the table will help you apply your understanding of
different forms of quantitative measures.
Table 1. Types of Quantitative Data and Measures
 Performance Measures use to assess an individual’s ability to perform
on an achievement test, intelligence test, aptitude test, interest
inventory, or personality assessment inventory. Attitudinal measures are
used to measure feelings toward a certain topic. Behavioral observations
are made by selecting an instrument (or using a behavioral protocol) on
which to record a behavior, observing individuals for that behavior, and
checking points on a scale that reflect the behavior (behavioral
checklists). Factual information or personal documents consist of
numeric, individual data available in public records. Examples of these
types of data include grade reports, school attendance records, student
demographic data, and census information.

How to acquire Research Instrument?

There are essentially two basic ways for a researcher to acquire an
instrument:
(1) administer an instrument the researcher personally developed (2)
find and administer a previously existing instrument.
Developing an instrument has its problems. Primarily, it is not easy to
 Developing a “good” instrument usually takes a fair amount of time
and
effort, not to mention a considerable amount of skill. Designing
one’s own instrument is time- consuming, and is not recommend for
those who does not have considerable amount of time, energy, and
money to invest in the endeavor.
Selecting an already developed instrument when appropriate,
therefore, is preferred. Such instruments are usually developed by
experts who possess the necessary skills. Choosing an instrument that
has already been developed takes far less time than developing a new
instrument to measure the same thing.

Databases are a good place to start looking for research instruments.

Listed below are the resources you can use to identify research
instruments. Type the URL provided in the search engine to learn more
about procedures for finding research instruments using the resource.
 Table 2. Different Resources of Research Instruments
Resource Subject Area Additional
Information
CINAHL Nursing and Other Online
https://health.ebsco.com/ Health Professions database
products/the-cinahl- database
DASS Depression Anxiety Free
http://www2.psy.unsw.ed u Stress Scale downloadable
.au/dass/ questionnaire
Directory of Unpublished Behavioral and Social Experimental
Experimental Mental Sciences and
Measures unpublished
https://www.apa.org/pubs instruments
/books/4316096
ERIC Education research Online
www.eric.ed.gov and information database
ETS A variety of fields with Online test
https://www.ets.org/ an emphasis on collection
educational testing database
Mental Measurements Provides reviews of Available
Yearbook with Tests In tests on Personality, through online
Print https://www.ebsco.com aptitude, intelligence & database and in
/pr oducts/research- more the library
databases/health-and-
psychosocial-instruments- hapi
RAND Health Care, aging, Free
https://www.rand.org/heal mental health, quality of downloadable
th-care/surveys_tools.html life and more surveys - no
charge!
APA PsycTests https://www.a A collection of Online
pa.org/pub s psychological measures, database
/databases/psyctests scales
across the behavioral
and social sciences.
Tests and Measures in the Contain books with Online
Social Sciences (TMSS) tests and database
https://archive.org/details measurement tools used
/tests-and-measures-in- the- in psychology, sociology
social-sciences
Reliability and Validity of the Research Instruments

Reliability means the extent to which a research instrument is

dependable, consistent and stable. A goal of good research is
to have measures or observations that are reliable.
Several factors can result in unreliable data, including when:
•Questions on instruments are ambiguous and unclear
•Procedures of test administration vary and are not
standardized
•Participants are fatigued, are nervous, misinterpret
questions, or
guess on tests (Rudner, 1993)

Researchers can use any one or more of five available

procedures to examine an instrument’s reliability, as shown in
Table 3. You can distinguish these procedures by the number
of times the instrument is administered, the number of
Table 3. Types of Reliability
 Validity means the degree to which a test or measuring
instrument measures what it intends to measure. Validity In
addition to reliability, you should examine whether the scores
from the instrument (not the instrument itself) are valid. As a
researcher, here are the steps you will likely employ:
•Identify an instrument (or test) that you would like to use
•Look for evidence of validity by examining prior studies that
have
reported scores and use of the instrument
•Look closely at the purpose for which the instrument was
used in these studies
•Look as well at how the researchers have interpreted
(discussed if
the instrument measured what it is intended to measure) the
scores in light of their intended use.
•Evaluate whether the authors provide good evidence that
Types of Validity
1.Content validity – It means the extent to which the content
or topics of the test is truly representative of the content of
the course.
2.Concurrent validity – It is the degree to which the test
agrees or correlates with a criterion set up as an
acceptable measure.
3.Predictive validity – It is determined by showing how well
predictions made from the test are confirmed by evidence
gathered at some subsequent time.
4.Construct validity – It is the extent to which the test
measures a
theoretical construct or trait.
Assessing the Instruments Reliability and Validity
You should assess an instrument's validity and reliability before you
try to obtain its full text. Finding that data depends on whether the instrument
is "published" or "unpublished." Published Instruments means commercially
published, and that the instrument is typically available for sale. Unpublished
Instruments means that the instrument has not been commercially published.
The library databases can be used to find assessment information. You can
search for reviews of instruments using the library databases. To find a review,
search for the instrument name and include the word review, reliability, or validity.

∙For example, in CINAHL:

 After you complete your search, find articles that discuss
reliability and validity. You will find this information within the
abstract or full text.

Obtaining the Full Instrument and Getting Permission

To obtain the full text and ask for permission to use an instrument,
you will need to determine whether your instrument is published or
unpublished.
Note: If you have found the full text of an instrument, you will still need to
ask for permission to use it.
If the instrument has been published, contact the publisher.
Published instruments are usually purchased through a
publisher's
website. Major test publishers have websites listing their products.
⮚When you contact a publisher to obtain either an instrument or
permission, make sure you let them know you are a student. They
may let you use the instrument for free or give you a discounted
 ⮚You may be able to find the full text of unpublished instruments
using the library's databases.
⮚Start by checking the APA PsycTests database, which includes the full text of
many research instruments.
⮚Include the instrument name and limit to full text (see the
APA PsycTests guide for more information)
⮚If you find the full text, read the permission terms to determine if it is
available for reuse or if you will need to contact the author/publisher.
⮚If you have to contact the publisher or author for the full text of an
instrument or permission, try these suggestions below:

oLook for the author's email address or phone number to contact them. Be
sure to let them know you are a student.
oIf the email bounces back or phone number doesn't work, search for their
institution affiliation. This may lead to their contact information.
oAsk your professor or a librarian for help. They might be able to help.
oIf you have tried all of the above and still cannot locate the
author, see if the author has any co-authors (in other papers) that you can
contact.
oLastly, contact authors of articles that mention the instrument you are
 Assessment
1.Which of the following describes research instrument?
A.A tool used to analyze data C. A tool use to check for
plagiarism
B.A tool used for measuring data D. none of the above

2.Which of the following is false in obtaining a research

instrument?
C.It is not necessary to ask for owner’s permission.
D.If the instrument has been published, contact the publisher.
E.If the instrument is unpublished, contact the author directly.
F. Read the permission terms to determine if it is available for
reuse.

3.What kind of instrument means commercially published, and

4.Which of the following is an organized collection of structured
information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system
use to access research instruments?
A.database C. web browser
B.search engine D. all of the above

5. What is the first step to undertake in searching research instrument?

C.operationally defined the variables
D.identify the variables in the problem
E.assigns numeric scores in collecting data
F. identify the database to locate the instrument

6.Which of the following statement is false in developing a research

instrument for a beginner?
G.It is not easy to develop a research instrument.
H.Developing one’s own instrument is time-consuming.
I. Developing research instrument requires energy and effort.
J. It is easy to develop one’s instrument due to its availability.
7. Which of the following is the correct flow of acquiring
research instruments?
A.identifying variable –operationally define variable-identify
numeric scores
B.operationally define variable- identifying variable- identify
numeric scores
C.identifying variable –operationally define variable-look for
instrument in database
D.operationally define variable- identifying variable- look for
instrument in Database

8.Which of the following is a quality of a research instrument

that is dependable, consistent and stable?
A.validity C. both a and b
B. reliability D. neither a and b
9.What type of reliability is use when the same
instrument is administered twice to the same group of
subjects and the correlation coefficient is determined?
A. alternate forms reliability C. interrater
reliability
B. internal consistency D. test retest
reliability

10.What instrument is used to measure feelings toward a

certain topic?
C. achievement test C. behavioral checklist
D. affective scale D. interest inventory

11. Which of the following test used to determine a

person's ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge?
12. Which of the database is use for finding instruments
related to education?
A.APA PsycTests
B.CINAHL
C.ERIC
D.Tests and Measures in the Social Sciences (TMSS)

13. Which of the following is not found in the Research

Instrument Writeup?
E.validity and reliability
F.. information on how it was normed
G.the source or developers of the instrument
H.what database the instrument was located
information
14. Which of the following describes content validity?
A.It is the extent to which the test measures a theoretical
construct or trait.
B.It is determined by showing how well predictions made from
the test this was confirmed by evidence.
C. It means the extent to which the content or topics of the test
is truly representative of the content of the course.
D. It is the degree to which the test agrees or correlates with a
criterion set up as an acceptable measure.

15. You take the blood pressure of a 64 year old man with a cuff
designed for a child. You repeat your measurement three times
and get similar readings. What is the quality of the
measurement used?
A.the measurement is reliable C. both a and
b