RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES

Course
BY
DR.AHMAD SYED

15-10-2022
 Lecture22

• Induction Generators
• Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their
characteristics
• Permanent-Magnet Synchronous
Generators,
• Power electronics converters
UNIT-III- • Generator-Converter configurations
• Converter Control
WIND • Wind farm behaviour during grid

GENERATO disturbances
• Power quality issues

R • Power system
experiences in the world
interconnection

TOPOLOGIE • Hybrid and isolated operations of wind

systems.
S

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
Lecture23

(WECS)
A wind energy conversion system converts wind energy into some form of
electrical energy.

In particular, medium and large scale WECS are designed to operate in parallel
with a public or local ac grid. This is known as grid-connected system.

A small system, isolated from grid, feeding only to local load is known as
autonomous, remote, decentralized, stand alone or isolated power system.

A general block diagram of a grid connected WECS is shown in Fig. A.

Figure A. General block diagram of a WECS

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture23

Conti..
The turbine shaft speed is stepped up with
the help of gears, with fixed gear ratio, to
suit the electrical generator and fine-tuning
of speed is incorporated by pitch control.

This block acts as drive for the generator.

Use of variable gear ratio has been
considered in the past and was found to add
more problems than benefits.

DC, synchronous or induction generators

are used for mechanical to electrical power
conversion depending on the design of the
system.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture23

Conti..
The interface conditions the generated power to grid
quality power.

It may consist of power electronic converter, transformer

and filter, etc.

The control unit monitors and controls the interaction

among various blocks.

It derives the reference voltage and frequency signals

from the grid and receives wind speed, wind direction,
wind turbine speed, etc., processes them and accordingly
controls various blocks for optimal energy balance
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture23

Conti…
Main features of various types of generators and their suitability in wind
power generation are discussed below:

DC Generator

Synchronous Generator

Induction Generator

DC Generator Conventional dc generators are no more favored due to

their high cost, weight and maintenance problems due to commutator.

However, permanent magnet (brush less and commutator less) dc

machines are considered in small rating (below hundred kW) isolated
systems.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture23
DC Generator
Conventional dc generators are
no more favoured due to their
high cost, weight and
maintenance problems due to
commutator.

However, permanent magnet

(brush less and commutator less)
dc machines are considered in
small rating (below hundred kW)
isolated systems.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture23

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Turbine with a generator in the tower Lecture24

foot

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Turbine with a generator in the Lecture24

tower head

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Turbine with a generator in the Lecture24

nacelle

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Traditional Drive Shaft Lecture24

Arrangement

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture24

Generator Concepts

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture24

Synchronous Generator

Synchronous generators produce high quality output and

are universally used for power generation in conventional
plants.

However, they have very rigid requirement of maintaining

constant shaft speed and any deviation from synchronous
value immediately reflects in the generated frequency.

Also precise rotor speed control is required for

synchronization. Due to this reason a synchronous
machine is not well suited to wind power generation.

Requirement of dc current to excite rotor feld, which

needs sliding carbon brushes on the slip rings also poses
limitations on its use.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Conti….
 Lecture24

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture24

Conti..
The need of dc field current and brushes can be
eliminated by using reluctance rotor.

The reliability is greatly improved while reducing the cost.

The machine rating, however, is limited to tens of kW.

Synchronization of a wind driven generator with the power

grid also poses problems especially during gusty winds.

Main advantage is that it generates both active as well as

reactive powers.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS Lecture24
GENERATOR

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture24
CUTAWAY

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Synchronous generator Lecture24

structure

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…
When talking about the “synchronous generator”, the
terminology used for the description of the machines
parts is the reverse to that for the description of the DC
generator.

The field windings are the windings producing the main

magnetic field which are the rotor windings for a
synchronous machine, and the armature windings are
the windings where the main voltage is induced usually
called the stator windings.

In other words, for a synchronous machine, the rotor

windings are the field windings and the stator windings
are the armature windings as shown.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
Main Components of a Synchronous Generator

The Stator: – The stator carries the three

separate ( 3-phase ) armature windings
physically and electrically displaced from
each other by 120 degrees producing an
AC voltage output.

The Rotor: – The rotor carries the

magnetic field either as permanent
magnets or wound field coils connected
to an external DC power source via slip
rings and carbon brushes.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…

the synchronous generator is a synchronous electro-mechanical machine used as

a generator and consists of a magnetic field on the rotor that rotates and a
stationary stator containing multiple windings that supplies the generated power.
The rotors magnetic field system (excitation) is created by using either permanent
magnets mounted directly onto the rotor or energised electro-magnetically by an
external DC current flowing in the rotor field windings.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…
The example above shows the basic construction of a synchronous generator
which has a wound salient two-pole rotor.

This rotor winding is connected to a DC supply voltage producing a field current, I f.

The external DC excitation voltage which can be as high as 250 volts DC,
produces an electromagnetic field around the coil with static North and South
poles.

When the generators rotor shaft is turned by the turbines blades (the prime mover),
the rotor poles will also move producing a rotating magnetic field as the North and
South poles rotate at the same angular velocity as the turbine blades, (assuming
direct drive).

As the rotor rotates, its magnetic flux cuts the individual stator coils one by one and
by Faraday’s law, an emf and therefore a current is induced in each stator coil.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…
The magnitude of the voltage induced in the stator winding is, as
shown above, a function of the magnetic field intensity which is
determined by the field current, the rotating speed of the rotor,
and the number of turns in the stator winding.

As the synchronous machine has three stator coils, a 3-phase

voltage supply corresponding to the windings, A, B and C which
are electrically 120o apart is generated in the stator windings and
this is shown above.

This 3-phase stator winding is connected directly to the load, and

as these coils are stationary they do not need to go through large
unreliable slip-rings, commutator or carbon brushes.

Also because the main current generating coils are stationary, it

makes it easier to wind and insulate the windings because they
are not subjected to rotational and centrifugal forces allowing for
greater voltages to be generated.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture25

WRSG

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Permanent Magnet Synchronous GeneratorLecture25

As we have seen, wound-field synchronous machines require DC current

excitation in the rotor winding.

This excitation is done through the use of brushes and slip rings on the
generator shaft.

However, there are several disadvantages such as requiring regular

maintenance, cleaning of the carbon dust, etc.

An alternative approach is to use brushless excitation which uses permanent

magnets instead of electromagnets.
As its name implies, in a permanent magnet synchronous
generator ( PMSG ), the excitation field is created using permanent magnets
in the rotor.
The permanent magnets can be mounted on the surface of the rotor,
embedded into the surface or installed inside the rotor.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…

The air gap between the stator and rotor is reduced for maximum efficiency and to
minimise the amount of rare earth magnet material needed.

Permanent magnets are typically used in low power, low cost synchronous
generators.

For low speed direct drive wind turbine generators the permanent magnet
generator is more competitive because it can have higher pole number of 60 or
more poles compared to a conventional wound rotor synchronous generator.

Also, the excitation implementation with permanent magnets is simpler, more

durable but does not allow control of excitation or reactive power.

The one major disadvantage of permanent magnet wind turbine synchronous

generators is that with no control of the rotor flux, they attain their peak efficiency
only at one pre-defined wind speed.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
The Generators Synchronous Speed
• The frequency of the output voltage depends upon the
speed of rotation of the rotor, in other words its
“angular velocity”, as well as the number of individual
magnetic poles on the rotor.
• In our simple example above, the synchronous machine
has two-poles, one North pole and one South pole.
• In other words, the machine has two individual poles
or one pair of poles, (North-South) also known as pole
pairs.
• As the rotor rotates one complete revolution, 360 o, one cycle of
induced emf is generated, so the frequency will be one-cycle every
full rotation or 360o.
• If we double the number of magnetic poles to four, (two pairs of
poles), then for every revolution of the rotor, two cycles of induced
emf will be generated and so on.
• Since one cycle of induced emf is produced with a single pair of poles,
the number of cycles of emf produced in one revolution of the rotor
will therefore be equal to the number of pole pairs, P.
• So if the number of cycles per revolution is given as: P/2 relative to
the number of poles and the number of rotor revolutions N per second
is given as: N/60, then the frequency, ( ƒ ) of the induced emf will be
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture25

Conti…
• In a synchronous motor, its angular velocity is fixed by the frequency
of the supply voltage so N is commonly known as the synchronous
speed.
• Then for a “P”-pole synchronous generator the speed of rotation of
the prime mover (the turbine blades) in order to produce the required
frequency output of either 50Hz or 60Hz of the induced emf will be:
• At 50Hz
Number of
2 4 8 12 24 36 48
Individual Poles
Rotational Speed
3,000 1,500 750 500 250 167 125
(rpm)

• At 60Hz
Number of
2 4 8 12 24 36 48
Individual Poles
Rotational Speed
3,600 1,800 900 600 300 200 150
(rpm)

• So for a given synchronous generator designed with a fixed number of

poles, the generator must be driven at a fixed synchronous speed to
keep the frequency of the induced emf constant at the required value,
either 50Hz or 60Hz to power mains appliances. In other words, the
frequency of the emf produced is synchronised with the mechanical
rotation ofofthe
CBIT(A),Dept rotor.
EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
Conti…
Then from above, we can see that to generate 60 Hz using a 2-pole machine, the rotor must
rotate at 3600 revs/min, or to generate 50 Hz using a 4-pole machine, rotor must rotate at
1500 revs/min.

For a synchronous generator that is being driven by an electrical motor or steam generator,
this synchronous speed may be easy to achieve however, when used as a wind turbine
synchronous generator, this may not be possible as the velocity and power of the wind is
constantly changing.

We know from our previous wind turbine design tutorial, that all wind turbines benefit from the
rotor operating at its optimal tip speed ratio. But to obtain a TSR of between 6 to 8, the
angular velocity of the blades is generally very low around 100 to 500 rpm, so looking at our
tables above, we would require a synchronous generator with a high number of magnetic
poles, eg, 12 or above, as well as some form of mechanical speed limiter such as a
Continuously Variable Transmission, or CVT to keep the rotor blades rotating at a constant
maximum speed for a direct drive wind turbine system.

However, for a synchronous machine, the more poles it has the larger, heavier and more
expensive becomes the machine which may or may not be acceptable.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Conti…
One solution is to use a synchronous machine with a low
number of poles which can rotate at a higher speed of
1500 to 3600 rpm driven through a gearbox.

The low rotational speed of the wind turbines rotor blades

is increased through a gearbox which allows the generator
speed to remain more constant when the turbines blade
speed changes as a 10% change at 1500rpm is less of a
problem than a 10% change at 100rpm.

This gearbox can match the generators speed to variable

rotational speeds of the blades allowing for variable speed
operation over a wider range.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25

Synchronous Generator Rectifiers

Rectifiers are electronic devices used to convert AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current).

By rectifying the power output from the synchronous generator into a DC supply, the wind turbine
generator may be operated at different speeds and frequencies other than its fixed synchronous speed
converting this variable frequency/variable amplitude AC output voltage of the generator to a DC
voltage of a variable level.

By rectifying the output from AC into DC, the generator can now be used as part of a battery-charging
wind systems or as part of a variable-speed wind power system.

Then the synchronous generator of an alternating current is transformed into a generator of a direct
current.

The simplest type of rectifier circuit uses a diode bridge circuit to convert the AC generated by the
generator into a fluctuating DC supply whose amplitude is determined by the generators speed of
rotation.

In this synchronous generator rectifier circuit shown below, the generator’s 3-phase output is rectified
to DC by a 3-phase rectifier.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
Synchronous Generator Rectifier Circuit

The circuit diagram of the full-bridge, three-phase, AC to DC rectifier is shown above.

In this configuration, the wind turbine can operate the generator at a frequency
independent of the synchronous frequency as changing the generator speed varies
the generator frequency.

Hence it is possible to vary the speed of the generator over a wider range and to run
at the optimal speed to obtain the maximum power depending on the actual wind
speed.

Note that the output voltage from the 3-phase bridge rectifier is not pure DC.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
Conti…
The output voltage has a DC level together with a large AC variation.

This waveform is generally known as “pulsating DC” which can be used to charge
batteries but can not be used as a satisfactory DC supply.

In order to remove this AC ripple content a filter or smoothing circuit is used.

These smoothing circuits or ripple filter circuits use combinations of Inductors and
Capacitors to produce a smooth DC voltage and current.

When used as part of a grid-connected system, synchronous machines can only be

connected to the mains grid, when their frequency, phase angle, and output voltage
are the same as the grids, in other words they are rotating at their synchronous
speed as we have seen above.
But by rectifying their variable output voltage and frequency into a steady DC
supply, we can now convert this DC voltage into an AC supply of the correct
frequency and amplitude, matching that of the mains utility grid by using either a
single-phase or 3-phase inverter.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture25
Lecture25
Conti…
An Inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity to alternating
current (AC) electricity which can be fed directly into the mains grid as grid-
connected inverters operate in sync with the utility grid and produce electricity
that’s identical to utility grid power.

Grid-connected sine-wave inverters for wind systems are selected with an input
range that corresponds to the rectified output voltage of the turbine.

Then the advantage of an indirect grid connection is that it is possible to run the
wind turbine at variable speeds.

Another advantage of rectifying the output from the generator is that wind turbines
with synchronous generators which use electromagnets in their rotor design, can
use this DC to supply the coil windings around the electromagnets in the rotor.

However the disadvantage of indirect grid connection is the cost as the system
needs an inverter and two rectifiers, one to control the stator current, and another
to generate the output current as shown below.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture25
Synchronous Generator Circuit

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Synchronous Generator Summary Lecture26

• The wound rotor synchronous generator is already

being used as a wind power turbine generator, but one
of the major disadvantage of a synchronous generator
can be its complexity and cost.
• Gearless direct drive generators are very slow turning
synchronous generators with large numbers of poles in
order to reach their synchronous speed. Generators
with fewer poles have higher rotational speeds so
require a gearbox or drive train adding to the cost.
• Synchronous generators produce electricity whose
fundamental output frequency is synchronised to the
rotational speed of the rotor.
• Grid-tied generators require a constant fixed speed to
synchronise with the utility grid frequency and it is
necessary to excite the rotor winding with an external
DC supply, using slip rings and brushes.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…
• The major disadvantage of one fixed-speed operation is
that it almost never captures the wind energy at the
peak efficiency.
• The wind energy is wasted when the wind speed is
higher or lower than the certain value selected as the
synchronous speed.
• Variable speed wind turbines use rectifiers and inverters to
convert variable voltage, variable frequency output of the
synchronous generator into the fixed voltage, fixed 50Hz or
60Hz frequency output required by the utility grid.
• This allows for permanent magnet synchronous generators to
be used reducing the cost.
• For low speed direct drive wind turbine generators the
permanent magnet generator is more competitive because it
can have higher pole number of 60 or more poles compared
to a conventional wound rotor synchronous generator.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Induction Generator
Primary advantages of induction machine are the rugged,
brush less construction, no need of separate dc field power
and tolerance of slight variation of shaft speed (±10 per cent)
as these variations are absorbed in the slip.

Compared to dc and synchronous machines they have low

capital cost, low maintenance and better transient
performance.

For these reasons induction generators are extensively used

in wind and micro-hydroelectric plants.

The machine is available from very low to several megawatt

ratings.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti..
The induction machine requires ac
excitation current, which is mainly
reactive.

In case of grid-connected system, the

excitation current is drawn from the grid
and therefore, the network must be
capable of supplying this reactive power.

The voltage and frequency are determined

by the grid. In a stand-alone system the
induction generator is self-excited by
shunt capacitors.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Cutaway of an asynchronous generator withLecture26
a
cage rotor

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26
Induction Generator as a Wind Power Generator
• Rotating electrical machines are commonly used in wind energy
systems and most of these electrical machines can function as either
a motor or a generator, depending upon its particular application. But
as well as the Synchronous Generator we looked at in the previous
tutorial, there is also another more popular type of 3-phase rotational
machine that we can use as a wind turbine generator called
an Induction Generator.
• Both the synchronous generator and the Induction Generator have
similar fixed stator winding arrangement which, when energised by a
rotating magnetic field, produces a three-phase ( or single phase )
voltage output.
• However, the rotors of the two machines are quite different with the
rotor of an induction generator typically consisting of one of two types
of arrangement: a “squirrel cage”, or a “wound rotor”.

Single Phase Induction Generator

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26

Conti…
• Induction Generator construction is based
on the very common squirrel-cage induction
motor type machine as they are cheap,
reliable, and readily available in a wide range
of electrical sizes from fractional horse power
machines to multi-megawatt capacities
making them ideal for use in both domestic
and commercial renewable energy wind power
applications.
• Also, unlike the previous synchronous
generator which has to be “synchronised”
with the electrical grid before it can generate
power, the induction generator can be
connected directly to the utility grid and
driven by the turbines rotor blades at variable
wind speeds
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26

Conti..
• For economy and reliability many wind power turbines
use induction motors as generator which are driven
through a mechanical gearbox to increase their speed
of rotation, performance and efficiency.
• However, induction generators require reactive power
usually provided by shunt capacitors in the individual
wind turbines.
• Induction machines are also known as Asynchronous
Machines, that is they rotate below synchronous
speed when used as a motor, and above synchronous
speed when used as a generator.
• So when rotated faster than its normal operating or no-
load speed, an induction generator produces AC
electricity.
• Because an induction generator synchronises directly
with the main utility grid – that is, produces electricity
at the same frequency and voltage – no rectifiers or
inverters are required.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26

Conti…
• However, the induction generator may provide the
necessary power directly to the mains utility grid, but it
also needs reactive power to its supply which is
provided by the utility grid.
• Stand alone ( off-grid ) operation of the induction
generator is also possible but the disadvantage here is
that the generator requires additional capacitors
connected to its windings for self-excitation.
• Three-phase induction machines are very well suited
for wind power and even hydroelectric generation.
Induction machines, when functioning as generators,
have a fixed stator and a rotational rotor the same as
for the synchronous generator.
• However, excitation (creation of a magnetic field) of
the rotor is performed differently and a typical design
of the rotor is the squirrel-cage structure, where
conducting bars are embedded within the rotors body
and connected together at their ends by shorting rings
as shown.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26
Induction Generator Construction
• As already mentioned at the beginning one of the many
advantages of the asynchronous machine is that it can be
used as generator without any additional circuitry, such as an
exciter or voltage controller, when it is connected to a three-
phase mains supply.
• When an idle asynchronous generator is connected to an
alternating current grid, voltage is induced into the rotor
winding, similar to a transformer with the frequency of this
induced voltage being equal to the frequency of the applied
voltage.
• As the squirrel cage rotors conducting bars are short-circuited
together, a large current flows around them and a magnetic
field is created inside the rotor causing the machine to rotate.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…
• Since the rotor cage magnetic field follows the stators
magnetic field, the rotor accelerates up to synchronous
speed set by the frequency of the grid supply.
• The faster the rotor rotates, the lower is the resulting
relative speed difference between the rotor cage and
the rotating stator field and thus the voltage induced
into its winding.
• As the rotor nears synchronous speed it slows down as
the weakening rotor magnetic field is insufficient to
overcome the friction losses of the rotor in idle mode.
• The result is that the rotor is now rotating slower than
synchronous speed.
• This means then that an induction machine can never
reach its synchronous speed as to reach it there would
be no current induced into the rotors squirrel cage, no
magnetic field and thus no torque.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…
• The difference in rotational speed between the stators
rotating magnetic field and the rotor speed is referred
to in induction machines as “slip”.
• Slip must exist for there to be torque at the rotor shaft.
In other words, “slip”, which is a descriptive way of
explain how the rotor is continually “slipping-back”
from synchronisation, is the difference in speed
between the stators synchronous speed, given as: ns =
ƒ/P in rpm, and the rotors actual speed nR also in rpm,
and which is expressed as a percentage, ( %-slip ).
• Then the fractional slip s, of an induction machine is
given as

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…
• This slip means that an induction generators operation
is thus “asynchronous” (not-synchronised) and the
heavier the load attached to an asynchronous
generator, the higher is the resulting slip, as higher
loads require stronger magnetic fields.
• More slip is associated with more induced voltage,
more current and a stronger magnetic field.
• Thus for an induction machine to operate as a motor its
operating speed will always less than the rotational
speed of the stator field, namely, the synchronous
speed.
• For an induction machine to work as a generator its
operating speed must be above the rated synchronous
speed as shown.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Torque/Speed Characteristics of an Induction
Lecture26
Machine
• At standstill, the stators rotating
magnetic field has the same
rotational speed with respect to
both the stator and the rotor as
the frequency of the rotor and
stator currents are the same,
therefore at standstill slip is
positive and equal to one ( s =
+1 ).
• At synchronous speed the
difference between the speed and
frequency of the rotor and stator
is zero, therefore at synchronous
speed no electricity is consumed
or produced and slip is equal to
zero ( s = 0 ).
• If the speed of the generator is
driven above this synchronous
speed by external means the
resultant effect will be that the
rotor will rotate faster than the
rotating magnetic field of the
stator and the polarity of the
induced rotor voltage and current
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26

Conti…
• The result is that the slip now becomes negative ( s = -1 ),
and the induction machine generates current at a leading
power factor back into the mains utility grid.
• The power transferred as an electromagnetic force from the
rotor to the stator can be increased by simply rotating the
rotor faster which will then result in an increase in the amount
of electricity generated.
• The torque characteristics of an induction generator ( s = 0
to -1 ) is a reflection of the induction motor characteristics ( s
= +1 to 0 ) as shown.
• The speed of the induction generator will vary with the
rotational force (moment, or torque) applied to it by the winds
energy but it will continue to generate electricity until its
rotational speed falls below idle.
• In practice, the difference between the rotational speed at
peak generating power and at idle, (synchronous speed) is
very small, only a few percent of the maximum synchronous
speed.
• For example, a 4-pole generator with a synchronous idle
speed of 1500 rpm attached to the utility grid with a 50 Hz
current, may
CBIT(A),Dept of EEEproduce its maximum generated power rotating
Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26

Conti…
• This is a very useful mechanical property that
the generator will increase or decrease its
speed slightly if the torque varies.
• This means that there will be less wear and
tear on the gearbox resulting in low
maintenance and long service life and this is
one of the most important reasons for using
an Induction Generator rather than a
synchronous generator on a wind turbine
which is directly connected to the electrical
utility grid.

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26
Off-grid Induction Generator
• We have seen above that an
induction generator requires the
stator to be magnetised from the
utility grid before it can generate
electricity.
• But you can also run an induction
generator in a stand alone, off-grid
system by supplying the necessary
out-of-phase exciting or
magnetising current from
excitation capacitors connected
across the stator terminals of the
machine.
• This also requires that there is
some residual magnetism in the
rotors iron laminations when you
start the turbine.
• A typical circuit for a three-phase
squirrel-cage induction machine
for use off-grid is shown below. The
excitation capacitors are shown in
a star (wye) connection but can
also be connected a delta
(triangular)
CBIT(A),Dept of arrangement.
EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26
Capacitor Start Induction Generator
• The excitation capacitors are standard motor-starting
capacitors that are used to provide the required reactive
power for excitation which would otherwise be supplied by
the utility grid.
• The induction generator will self-excite using these external
capacitors only if the rotor has sufficient residual magnetism.
• In the self-excited mode, the generator output frequency and
voltage are affected by the rotational speed, the turbine load,
and the capacitance value in farads of the capacitors.
• Then in order for self-excitation of the generator to occur,
there needs to be a minimum rotational speed for the value of
capacitance used across the stator windings.
• The “Self-excited induction generator”, (SEIG) is a good candidate for
wind powered electric generation applications especially in variable
wind speed and remote areas, because they do not need external
power supply to produce the magnetic field.
• A three-phase induction generator can be converted into a variable
speed single-phase induction generator by connecting two excitation
capacitors across the three-phase windings. One of value C amount of
capacitance on one phase and the other of value 2C amount of
capacitance across the other phase as shown.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture26
Single-phase Output from a 3-phase Induction
Generator
• By doing this the generator will run more smoothly
operating nearer to unity (100%) power factor (PF).
• In the single-phase operation, it is possible to obtain
near three phase efficiency producing approximately
80% of the machines maximum rating.
• However, care must be taken when converting a 3-
phase supply into a single-phase supply as the single
phase line-to-line voltage output will be twice that of
the rated winding.
• Induction generators work well with single-phase or
three-phase systems that are interconnected to the
utility or as a self-excited stand alone generator for
small scale wind power applications allowing for
variable speed operation.
• However, induction generators require reactive
excitation to operate at full power thus they are ideally
suited for interconnection to the utility grid as part of
an grid-tied wind power system.
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 DOUBLE FED INDUCTION Lecture26

GENERATOR (DFIG)

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture26

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Wind turbine AND GENERATOR characteristics

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

DOUBLE FED INDUCTION
MACHINE

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
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CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
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CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

MOTERING MODE
 Lecture27
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
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CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Generating Mode

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
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CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27
Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE
Conti..
Power electronics
converters

Generator-Converter
configurations

Converter Control
Systems for converting mechanical energy
Lecture28

to electrical energy

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture28

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture28

Typical wind turbine generators

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture28
Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture27

WIND TURBINE CONCEPTS

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Concept applied by to 10 wind turbine
Lecture28

manufacture

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 WORLD MARKET SHARE OF WIND TURBINE Lecture28
CONCEPT 1998-2002

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Power semiconductors for Lecture29

converters

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Functional characteristics of Lecture29

power converters

Differentiation between power converters according to the origin of (a) the

commutation voltage and (b) the elementary frequency
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture29

Circuit and pulse number of power converter circuits: (a)

a three-pulse star connection and
(b) a six-pulse bridge connection
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed 23-10-2020
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 SUMMARY
Lecture27

WIND generator
topologies?

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed