Arrays

Outline
• Introduction to Arrays (1-D arrays)
• Defining and Declaring Arrays
• Accessing Array Elements
• Examples

• 2-D Arrays
• Declaring and Initializing 2-D Arrays
• Example
– Representing matrices and finding the transpose of a matrix

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1.1. What is an array?
• An array is a collection of things!
Array
Ordinary
Variable Like a cabinet
containing many
Like a box for storing one drawers.
value
Each drawer stores one
value.

We can refer to each

drawer as the 1st
drawer, the 2nd drawer,
the 3rd drawer, etc.

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1.2. Characteristics of an Array
• Stores same type of data
Array name

• Array size (# of elements in the array) grade[0]

remains unchanged throughout program grade[1]
execution grade[2]
. .
• The position of an element is indicated by the . .
. .
index. grade[97]
grade[98]
• The indexes to an array of size N ranges from grade[99]
0 to N-1.
– Important: The first index must be 0 Array Index
Storage
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1.3. First look at an Array
1 int A[3]; 1 int a, b, c;
2 2
3 A[0] = 2; 3 a = 2;
4 A[1] = A[0] + 2; 4 b = a + 2;
5 5
6 scanf("%d", &A[2]); 6 scanf("%d", &c);
7 // Assume input is 5 7 // Assume input is 5
8 printf("%d", A[2]); 8 printf("%d", c);

0 1 2
A 2 4 5 a 2 b 4 c 5

This example illustrates the similarity between an array and ordinary variables

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1.3. First Look at an Array
1 int A[3]; Just like a variable, we need to
2
3 A[0] = 2;
declare an array before using
4 A[1] = A[0] + 2; it.
5
6 scanf("%d", &A[2]); This statement declares an
7 // Assume input is 5 array to store values of type
8 printf("%d", A[2]); int.

The name of the array is A.

0 1 2
A 2 4 5
The array size is 3.

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1.3. First Look at an Array
1 int A[3]; A single array element is like
2
an ordinary variable.
3 A[0] = 2;
4 A[1] = A[0] + 2;
5 A[0] refers to the 1st element
6 scanf("%d", &A[2]);
in array A.
7 // Assume input is 5
8 printf("%d", A[2]);

0 1 2
A 2 4 5

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1.3. First Look at an Array
1 int A[3]; In an array declaration, the
2
number in […] indicates the
3 A[0] = 2;
4 A[1] = A[0] + 2; size of an array.
5
6 scanf("%d", &A[2]);
7 // Assume input is 5
8 printf("%d", A[2]); In an expression, the number
in […] indicates the index of
an array element.
0 1 2
A 2 4 5

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1.4. Syntax: Declaring an Array
type arrayName[ arraySize ];

• type: Data type of the array elements

• arrayName: A valid identifier
• arraySize: Number of elements in the array

• e.g.,
int grade[ 100 ]; // array of 100 integers
double d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 doubles

• Declaring multiple arrays of the same type in one declaration

int arrayA[100], arrayB[27];

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1.5. Example #1
1 int list[4];
2
3 printf("Enter 4 #'s: ");
4 scanf("%d", &list[0]);
5 scanf("%d", &list[1]);
6 scanf("%d", &list[2]);
7 scanf("%d", &list[3]);
8
9 // Print the input values in reverse order
10 printf("You have entered (in reverse): ");
11 printf("%d %d %d %d\n", list[3], list[2], list[1],
list[0]);
Enter 4 #'s: 7 11 45 23
You have entered (in reverse): 23 45 11 7
Note: Input values can be separated by any whitespace character.

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1.6. Array Bounds
• Indexes to an array of size N range from 0 to N-1.

• An array index that is out of this range can cause a

runtime error of “array index out of bounds”.
int c[ 10 ];
c[ -1 ] = 5; // Index out of
bounds
c[ 10 ] = 0; // Index out of
bounds

• The consequence of the error is unpredictable.

– The program may crash.
– Other variables may get modified unknowingly.
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1.7. Syntax: Initializing an Array at Declaration
• Specify a value for each element using an initializer
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

• Not enough values in the initializer  Rightmost elements are set

to 0
int n[ 5 ] = { 1 }; // n[1], …, n[4] are set to 0
int m[ 5 ] = { 0 }; // All elements are set to 0

• Too many values in the initializer  Syntax error

int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }; // Error

• Array size omitted  Size is determined by the initializer

int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; // Size of n is 5
int p[]; // Error. Need a size or an initializer

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2. More Array Examples
• Array as a lookup table
• Array for counting

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2.1. Array as a Lookup Table
General Idea: Map a value to an array index.
1. Given x
2. Calculate the index to the array element based on the value
of x
3. Access array[index]
array

3 0
1 2 1
x index = f(x) 2
. .
. .
. .
N-1

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 2.1. Array as a Lookup Table
• Advantage: No need for several if-else statements
1 // monthToDays[month-1] => # of days in "month"
2 int monthToDays[12] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30,
3 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
4
int month; // To store user input
5
int days; // To store # of days in the given
6 month
7
8 scanf("%d", &month);
9
10 // assume we forget the existence of leap year for now
11 days = monthToDays[month - 1];
printf("The input month has %d days!\n", days);
Note: The condition for checking if a year is a leap year is a bit long and is omitted in this
example.

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 2.2. Array for Counting
Let's count the number of star ratings of a movie!
1 int starCount[5] = { 0 };
2
3 int rating; // To store user input, assuming valid
4 printf("Enter 4 viewers' ratings (1 to 5 stars): ");
5
6 // read 4 numbers from the viewers, one-by-one, and tally
7 scanf("%d", &rating);
8 starCount[rating-1]++;
9 scanf("%d", &rating);
10 starCount[rating-1]++;
11 scanf("%d", &rating);
12 starCount[rating-1]++;
13 scanf("%d", &rating);
14 starCount[rating-1]++;
15
16 printf("No. of viewers giving 1 to 5 stars: %d %d %d %d %d\n",
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18 starCount[0],starCount[1],starCount[2],starCount[3],starCount[
16
4]);
3.1. 2-D Array
• It’s like a table consisting of rows and columns
• Usually rectangular in shape
• Stores values of the same type
• It takes two indexes to identify each element

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 0
Row 1
Row 2

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3.2. Declaring a 2-D Array
type arrayName[ rowSize ][ colSize ];
• type: Data type of the array elements
• arrayName: A valid identifier
• rowSize: Number of rows (size of the 1st dimension)
• colSize: Number of columns (size of the 2nd dimension)
• e.g.,
int a[3][4]; // 3 rows, 4 columns
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
1st index to row
Row 0 a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
Row 1 a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] 2nd index to
column
Row 2 a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

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3.3. 2-D Array – Declaration and Initialization
• Declaration
int x[3][4]; // 3 rows, 4 columns
short y[2][10]; // 2 rows, 10 columns

• Declaration with initialization

// As an array of arrays
int a[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}; a[0] 1 2 3
a[1] 4 5 6
// Not enough initializers, the rest got zeros
int b[2][3] = {{1}, {4, 5}}; b[0] 1 0 0
b[1] 4 5 0
// Values assigned by order
int c[2][3] = {1, 2, 3, 4 ,5};
c[0] 1 2 3
c[1] 4 5 0

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1 // A and B represent two 3x3 matrixes
2 int A[3][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 0, -1, 2 }, { 0, 0, 1 } };
3 int B[3][3]; // To store the transpose of matrix A
4
5 Transpose of a
6 // Store transpose of A in B matrix refers to
7 B[0][0] = A[0][0]; the change of
8 B[0][1] = A[1][0]; rows into columns
9 B[0][2] = A[2][0];
10
11 B[1][0] = A[0][1];
12 B[1][1] = A[1][1];
13 B[1][2] = A[2][1];
14
15 B[2][0] = A[0][2];
16 B[2][1] = A[1][2];
17 B[2][2] = A[2][2];
18
19 // See the next page
20

Example 3.3. Using 2-D arrays to represent matrixes

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21
22 // Print matrix A and B
23 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", A[0][0], A[0][1], A[0][2]);
24 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", A[1][0], A[1][1], A[1][2]);
25 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", A[2][0], A[2][1], A[2][2]);
26 printf("\n");
27
28 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", B[0][0], B[0][1], B[0][2]);
29 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", B[1][0], B[1][1], B[1][2]);
30 printf("%4d%4d%4d\n", B[2][0], B[2][1], B[2][2]);
31 printf("\n");
32
33 What is %4d? It means you will
34 use a minimum of 4 character 1 2 3
35 spaces to print out the integer; 0 -1 2
36 this is useful when you want 0 0 1
37 your output to be tidy.
38 1 0 0
39 Try change it to %10d and see 2 -1 0
40 what would happen. 3 2 1

Example 3.3. Using 2-D arrays to represent matrixes (cont.)

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3.4. Applications of 2-D Arrays
• Digital images (2-D array of pixels)
• Matrix in mathematics
• Assignment scores of students
– Each row represents a student
– Each column represents the student's scores from
different components
• Games (Chess, Minesweeper, etc.)
• Spreadsheet
• etc.

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Summary
• Understanding the characteristics of 1-D and 2-D arrays

• Knowing how to declare and initialize 1-D and 2-D arrays

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Reading Assignment
• C: How to Program, 8th ed, Deitel and Deitel
• Chapter 6 C Arrays
– Sections 6.1 – 6.4: Basics and examples
– Sections 6.11: Multidimensional Arrays (2D Arrays)

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