EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIO-NANOLUBRICANTS
Under the Guidance Of:
Mr. Ravikiran and Aravind S L
Assistant Professors
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
By:
AFNAAN ALI KHAN
CHETHAN B G
INTRODUCTION
Lubrication is the control of friction and wear by the
introduction of a friction reduction film between moving
surfaces in contact called as tribofilm.
Lubricants also acts as coolant and protect the surface from
corrosion and also reduces the friction between the sliding
bodies.
Lubricating markets demanding for new biodegradable
products based on renewable resources.
Bio lubricants has the properties of biodegradability , low
volatile and good rheology when compared with
mineral/conventional oil.
Bio lubricants have less friction and anti wear property.
Vegetable oil has high viscosity index, high flash and fire point,
lower evaporation and enhanced lubricity which leads to
improved energy efficiency.
Literature Survey:
Sl.no Authors Paper and year Remarks
1 Tirth Review on bio From this paper we infer that vegetable oil based lubricants are
M.Panchalet lubricants from an attractive alternative to conventional petro based lubricants
al. vegetable oil based due to renewability, biodegradability, high lubricity and high
resources (2017) flash points.
2 Erik Kuhnet Tribological and Aim of this paper is to present comparative results on the
al. RheologicalCharact frictional response of the number of completely biogenic oil for
erizationof testing, various oil samples add the base oil as oleic sunflower
completely biogenic oil are a combination of sunflower and castor oil. Thikners such
lubricating oil as beeswax, natural cellulose, sms were used in various
(2018) prpotion.
3 D. S. Castor Oil as From this paper it is observed that castor oil with some
Chinchkaret GreenLubricant(201 adhesive have put potential to workout as engine oil because of
al. 6) its promising properties over other edible and non edible oils.
4 Jitendra Kumar The Prospects of Vegetable Being revived this literature we infer that vegetable oil
Chandrakar et based Oils as MetalWorking based metal working fluid are being recognized as
al. Fluids in Manufacturing having superior lubricating properties such as increase
Application(2014) of 117% in tool life and 7% reduction in thrust force.
5 Suresh Kannan Lubrication Performance of From this paper we have driven conclusions about
et al. Castor Oil Blended with Other some of tribological tests performed on castor oil
VegetableOils(2020) mixed with soybean, corn and ricebran oil. The
viscosity of ricebran oil and castor oil shows higher
value than caster and corn or castor and soybean. Flash
and fire point of castor and soybean oil blend was list
but ricebran and castor mixer shows highest flash and
fire point .
6 Ahmad Hussain Investigation the tribological This paper shows that 80% of castor oil blend lubricant
et al. characteristicsof castor oil upgrades lubricant performance based on the lower
with mineral oil blends(2018) COF and lower value of friction torque.Wear scar
diameter for the castor oil blends was found to be
circular.From this paper we conclude that blend of
castor oil with lubricant has potential for acting as
antiwear lubricant.
OBJECTIVES:
To prepare the bio lubricant of samples for different composition
To characterize prepared samples for viscosity , flash and fire point
To study the Tribological Characteristics of bio lubricants
To compare the prepared bio-nanolubricant with the conventional lubricants from markets.
Synthesis of Nano-lubricant
SAMPLE PROPORTIONS
1. Sunflower oil + ZnO
Weight (100gm) Weight (150gm)
Sl. No
Sunflower
ZnO (gm) Sunflower oil (gm) ZnO(gm)
oil(gm)
1 99 1 148.5 1.5
2 99.75 0.25 149.625 0.375
3 99.375 0.625 149 1
2. Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + TiO2 nanoparticle
Sl CASTOR OIL (gm) SUNFLOWER OIL (gm) TiO2 (gm) Sample code
No.
1 70.0000 29.7500 0.2500 CST1
2 70.0000 29.0000 1.0000 CST2
3 74.8438 24.7188 0.4375 CST3
The blend of Castor oil and Sunflower oil is done by using Magnetic stirrer.
This blend is mixed and stirred for about 30mins at 1300 rpm at room temperature using magnetic stirrer.
For this blend, TiO2 Nano particles are added & stirred for 1hour at 1300 rpm.
3. Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + ZrO2 nanoparticle
Sl CASTOR OIL (gm) SUNFLOWER OIL (gm) ZrO2 (gm) Sample code
No.
1 70.0000 29.7500 0.2500 CSZr1
2 70.0000 29.0000 1.0000 CSZr2
3 89.0000 10.0000 1.0000 CSZr3
The blend of Castor oil and Sunflower oil is done by using Magnetic stirrer.
This blend is mixed and stirred for about 30mins at 1300 rpm at room temperature using magnetic stirrer.
For this blend, ZrO2 Nano particles are added & stirred for 1hour at 1300 rpm.
VISCOSITY
Apparatus used : Redwood viscometer.
The time required for 50cc oil to flow through the orifice is noted at
different temperatures (30-50˚C).
The kinematic viscosity of the is calculated using the formula,
ν = (0.00247t-(0.65/t)).
The absolute viscosity is calculated using the formula,
μ = ν * mass density of the oil at corresponding temperature.
Redwood viscometer Saybolt’s viscometer
for light oils for heavy oils
FLASH & FIRE POINT
Flash point of oil expressed as minimum temperature at which oil gives
sufficient vapours to ignite momentarily
Apparatus used : Pensky-Martin’s closed cup tester
Oil sample is poured into cup. The meter is placed in oil and the oil is
heated.
The test flame is passed over the cup at every 2˚C increase in sample
temperature.
When the sample vapours ignite momentarily in air, the Flash point
temperature is reached.
When the sample vapours sustain combustion for at least five seconds.
The fire point temperature is reached.
FOUR-BALL TEST
The test was performed on the following samples according
to ASTM D 4172-94.
The chromium steel balls from SKF with 64-66 HRC, mirror
finish and diameter of 12.7 mm were used.
The coefficient of friction was obtained, and wear scar
diameter was observed under an optical microscope coupled
with the four-ball tester.
Parameters Condition
Load 40 kg
Temperature 25˚C
Speed 1200 rpm
Time 60 min
SOURCE : OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
Results:
FLASH & FIRE POINT
1. Sunflower oil + ZnO
254
246
240
Temperature( °C )
234
232
Parameter SZ1 SZ2 SZ3
220
Flash point (˚C) 220 230 246
Fire point (˚C) 232 240 254
SZ1 SZ2 SZ3
Flash point(°C) Fire point (°C)
2. Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + TiO2
275
270
270 268
Temperature( °C )
Parameter CST1 CST2 CST3 265
265
Flash point (˚C) 261 257 258 261
260 258
Fire point (˚C) 270 265 268 257
255
250
CST1 CST2 CST3
Flash point(°C) Fire point (°C)
Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + ZrO2
270
265 264
260 259
Parameter CSZR1 CSZR2 CSZR3
Temperature(ͦc0
256 FLASH
Flash point (˚C) 256 252 251 255 254 POINT
252
251 FIRE
Fire point (˚C) 264 254 259 250 POINT
245
240
CSZR1 CSZR2 CSZR3
Comparis
on
The flash and fire point of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor
sunflower oil blended lubricants is much higher than the SAE10w40 and
SAE20w50.
TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower oil blended lubricants has
high flash and fire point than ZrO2 dispersed castor sunflower oil
blended lubricants
VISCOSITY RESULTS
1. Sunflower oil + ZnO NP
SZ1 SZ2 SZ3
Temperat Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute
ure Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity
T(˚C) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise)
30 0.4783 0.4194 0.4559 0.4359 0.4559 0.4559
35 0.3587 0.3145 0.3512 0.3358 0.3787 0.3512
40 0.296 0.2595 0.2909 0.2782 0.301 0.2909
45 0.2734 0.2397 0.2481 0.2372 0.2506 0.2481
50 0.2202 0.1931 0.2023 0.1934 0.2278 0.2023
0.55
Kinematic viscosityν (stokes)
0.45
0.35
0.25
0.15
0.05
30 35 40 45 50
SZ1 0.4783 0.3587 0.296 0.2734 0.2202
SZ2 0.4559 0.3512 0.2909 0.2481 0.2023
SZ3 0.4559 0.3787 0.301 0.2506 0.2278
temperature
Fig. Viscosity comparision of Sunflower oil + ZnO NP
2. Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + TiO2 NP
CST1 CST2 CST3
Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute
Temperature Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity
T(˚C) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise)
30 0.2456 0.2305 0.27151 0.2576 0.2365 0.2206
35 0.18363 0.17215 0.20982 0.1997 0.1909 0.1779
40 0.1516 0.14215 0.15512 0.1472 0.1466 0.1366
45 0.1103 0.10343 0.10708 0.1016 0.0995 0.0927
50 0.09119 0.0859 0.07895 0.0758 0.07396 0.0689
0.275
0.225
Kinematic viscosityν (stokes) 0.175
0.125
0.075
0.025
30 35 40 45 50
CST1 0.2456 0.18363 0.1516 0.1103 0.09119
CST2 0.2305 0.17215 0.14215 0.10343 0.0859
CST3 0.2576 0.1997 0.1472 0.1016 0.0758
temperature
Fig. Viscosity comparision of Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + TiO2 NP
3. Castor oil+ Sunflower oil + ZrO2 NP
CSZR1 CSZR2 CSZR3
Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute Kinematic Absolute
Temperature Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity
T(˚C) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise) ν (stokes) μ (poise)
30 0.2432 0.2221 0.262 0.2465 0.2465 0.2926
35 0.1795 0.1699 0.19831 0.1987 0.109 0.1789
40 0.1499 0.13215 0.1510 0.1399 0.1455 0.1864
45 0.1001 0.09 0.1608 0.106 0.0955 0.0899
50 0.088 0.061 0.0699 0.0785 0.0738 0.07
0.275
0.225
0.175
0.125
0.075
0.025
30 35 40 45 50
CSZr1 0.2432 0.1795 0.1499 0.1001 0.088
CSZr2 0.262 0.198 0.151 0.106 0.0699
CSZr3 0.2465 0.109 0.1455 0.0955 0.073
Comparis
on
The viscosity of TiO and ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower
2
oil blended lubricants compared with viscosity of synthetic lubricants
like SAE10w40 and SAE20w50 shows less viscosity then the of TiO2 and
ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower oil blended lubricants
Even ZrO2 dispersed castor sunflower oil blended lubricants shows
similar viscosity but less than TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor
sunflower oil blended lubricants.
Friction Behavior
The coefficient of friction (COF) is one of the key parameters to analyze the
tribological characteristics of the tested nano lubricants.
In this study, low friction coefficients were also observed for all tested lubricants with
the nanoparticles.
The friction coefficient data presented in Figure were recorded during the four-ball
test. The friction coefficients increased during the first 10 mins, then decreases for the
remaining time of testing.
But during the first 10 min of testing time the peaks of friction coefficient in the tests
with the ZnO were lower than that of the test with other nanoparticles.
It is speculated that the appearance of the nanoparticles could reduce direct contact
between the ball and disc and compensate for nano defects on the original contact
surfaces.
0.16
0.142
0.14
0.12
Mean coefficient of friction
0.1 0.095
0.08 0.075
0.063 0.065 0.064
0.059 0.061 Series 1
0.06
0.049
0.045
0.04
0.02
0
r
ST
1
ST
2
ST
3
R
1
R
2
R
3 Z1 s to 30 40
SZ SZ SZ C w w
C C C ca 0 0
C C C
re AE1 AE2
Pu S S
From the mean friction coefficient values shown, CST1 and CST2 exhibit
the lowest friction coefficient value of 0.045 and 0.059.
When less %wt. TiO2 dispersed Castor sunflower blended, nano lubricant
is Compared to Pure castor oil, Coefficient of friction is reduced
approximately by 38% but CST3 exhibits little high coefficient of friction
compared to CST1 and CST2. In the case of ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed
Castor and Sunflower blend all three CSZR1, CSZR2, CSZR3 samples
exhibit coefficient of friction 0.049,0.061,0.065 respectively.
When mean COF of CST1 and CST2 compared with mean Coefficient of
friction of synthetic lubricants like SAE10W30 and SAE20W40, even ZrO2
dispersed castor sunflower oil blended lubricants show similar friction
coefficient with SAE10W30 and SAE20W40 but little high friction
coefficient than TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower oil blended
lubricants.
When the ZnO nanoparticles is dispersed to Sunflower oil alone shows
high coefficient of friction compared to all other sample tests.
The variation of friction coefficient is considered to be independent of the
working conditions and temperature.
Conclusion
In lubricating market, most of the lubricants are made up from mineral oil.
Lubricants made from mineral oil have many disadvantages after use. It
causes environmental pollution like soil pollution, air pollution, water pollution
etc. The quality and property of vegetable oil blends by adding nanoparticles
as additives were evaluated through this study using different parameter.
This study shows that the viscosity of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed
castor sunflower oil blended lubricants compared with viscosity of synthetic
lubricants like SAE10w40 and SAE20w50 shows less viscosity then the
Bionano-lubricants, even ZrO2 dispersed castor sunflower oil blended
lubricants shows similar viscosity but less than TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed
castor sunflower oil blended lubricants.
İn addition, the flash and fire point of Bionano-lubricants is much higher than
the synthetic lubricants, even TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower
oil blended lubricants has high flash and fire point than ZrO 2 dispersed castor
sunflower oil blended lubricants.
Mean coefficient of friction of CST1 and CST2 compared with mean
Coefficient of friction of synthetic lubricants like SAE10W30 and SAE20W40,
TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed castor sunflower oil blended lubricants shows
Conclusion
. Followed by ZrO2 nanoparticles dispersed Castor sunflower blended
lubricants which shows similar coefficient of friction with SAE10W30 and
SAE20W40 and better coefficient of friction than pure castor oil.
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Thank you!
