FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION AND
INTELLIGENCE
Prepared by: RICKY JEAN R. ALEGRADO
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION- It
is an art which deals with the
identity and location of the
criminal offender and the
gathering and providing evidence
of his guilt.
 6 CARDINAL POINTS OF
INVESTIGATIONS (THE 5WS
& 1H)
1.WHAT- TYPES OF THE CRIME COMMITTED
2.WHEN-THE TIME
3.WHERE-THE PLACE
4,WHO-REFFER TO VICTIM/SUSPECT
5.WHY-THE MOTIVE
6.HOW-METHOD IN COMMITING THE CRIME/MODUS
OPERANDE
WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF A
GOOD INVESTIGATOR?

PERSEVERANCE
INTELLIGENCE
HONEST
UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE AND
ENVIRONMENT
KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION
3 I’S/TOOLS OF
INVESTIGATOR IN
GATHERNG FACTS
1.INFORMATION/INTERVIEW
2.INTERROGATION
3.INSTRUMENTATION
 INFORMATION
• Data gathered by the investigator
from other person including the victim
himself and from:
a)Public records
b)Private records
c)Modus Operandi file
 Classification of sources of
Information:
a. Regular sources- records, files from
government or non-government
agencies, news items.
b. Cultivated- information furnished by
informants or informers.
c. Grapevines- information coming
from the underworld characters such as
prisoners or ex-convicts.
2. Interview
is a casual or simple inquiry to a
person who have knowledge to a
crime under investigation.
It is the process of eliciting
information from witnesses and
confidential informants.
 I.R.O.N.I.C
IDENTITY- the investigator will introduce himself to
the subject
RAPPORT- establish harmonious relationship
OPENING STATEMENT- explain the purpose
NARRATION- the subject will narrate the facts
INQUIRY- investigator will clarify or ask questions
CONCLUSION- thanking the subject for his
cooperation
 INTERROGATION

Is the skillful/vigorous questioning

of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or one who
is reluctant to disclose
information regarding the
commission of crime.
 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
Emotional Appeal Pretense of Physical
Sympathetic appeal Evidence
Kindness Jolting
Extenuation
Shifting the blame

Mutt and Jeff

Bluff on a Split Pair
Distinctions of Interview and Interrogation
Interviews
• Purpose is to obtain information
• Moderate planning or preparation
• Private or semi-private environment is
desirable

Interrogations
• Purpose is to test information already obtained
• Extensive planning or preparation
• Absolute privacy is essential
 INSTRUMENTATION

•Is the scientific examination of real

evidence, application of instrument
and methods of physical sciences in
detecting crime.
•It is also known as CRIMINALISTICS.
 2 COMMONLY USED
SERVICES IN CRIMINALISTICS:
1.PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
2.FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
 PHASES OF INVESTIGATION:

•To IDENTIFY the guilty party

•To LOCATE the guilty party
•To provide EVIDENCE of his
guilt
 Phases of Criminal Investigation
Phase I - identify the suspect/s through
• Confession
• Eyewitness testimony
• Circumstantial evidence/ Indirect evidence
• Associative evidence
• Identification by the Method of
Operation (Modus Operandi)
1.Confession
-express acknowledgement by the accused
of his guilt.
-It is the best means of identifying a
criminal.
a.Judicial-made in open court
b.Extra judicial- made outside the
court like, taken during custodial
investigation
 Admission- is a declaration or
acknowledgement by a party
as to the existence of a certain
fact.
- falling short in the
acknowledgement of guilt.
 2. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
(TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE/ DIRECT
EVIDENCE)

TYPES OF SUSPECTS IDENTIFIED BY

•KNOWN- THESE ARE THE WITNESS
MALEFACTORS WHOSE PICTURES ARE
AVAILABLE FROM POLICE FILES AND
RECORDS
•UNKNOWN- THESE ARE
MALEFACTORS WHOSE IDENTITY IS
FURNISHED BY EYEWITNESS ONLY.
Methods of Identification by Witness to a Suspect:

 Portrait Parle –is a verbal description by

witness or victim of the physical appearance of the
assailant while being drawn by the cartographer .

Photographic files (Rogue’s gallery) – the witness

will identify the offender through photographs/photos
compiled in the police station.
General Photograph
Artist sketch (Composite Criminal
Illustration)
 PROCEDURES OF IDENTIFICATION BY
EYEWITNESS

1. Physical line-up
2. Physical show-up
 Factors that affect the accuracy of identification by eyewitnesses:

• VISIBILITY- Refers to the prevailing visibility during the

time of the commission of an offense in the crime scene
• TIME- it deals with the lapse of time between the violations
and the identification was made
• RETENTION- it is the ability of the witness to positively
identify and remember how the criminal looks like . Its
distinct physical features particularly the face and body
built are very significant
3. Circumstantial a.k.a. Indirect/ Presumptive
evidence
- is evidence that is drawn not from direct
observation of a fact at issue but from events or
circumstances that surround it.
Must be inferred to prove identity:
• Motive
• Intent
• Opportunity
4. Associative evidence
Pieces of evidence which could link the suspect to the
crime scene by means of clues, hints, and personal
properties.
Examples:
weapon
tools
garment
fingerprint
foot impression, and others.
MODUS OPERANDI – is the method of
operation by a specific criminal or criminal
syndicate. It is a distinct pattern of how a crime
is committed and is established by a series of
crimes under one classification.
 Phase II - locate and apprehend suspect/s

• Surveillance

• Undercover works/assignments

• Informants

• Tracing Evidence
1. Surveillance
Is a discreet investigation by
keeping persons, places,
vehicles, activities or other
targets under physical
observation in order to obtain
information.
 1. ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND
SENSITIVITY
• A. Discreet – subject is unaware that
he/she is under observation
• B. Close – subject is aware that he/she is
under observation.
• C. Loose – applied frequently or
infrequently. Period of observation may vary
on each occasion.
 2. ACCORDING TO METHODS
• A. Stationary – observation of place on a
fixed point position.
• B. Moving – subject is followed from place to
place.
• C. Technical – uses communication and
electronic hardware, gadgets, systems and
equipment.
 Types of Surveillance:
1. Tailing or Shadowing – observation of person and
movement.
• LOOSE TAIL- this is used when the shadower would
like to know the general impression of the subject’s
habit and associates
• ROUGH TAIL- this could be done even without special
precaution since the subject is aware that he is being
followed.
• CLOSED TAIL- this is done with so much precaution
from loosing the subject where constant observation is
necessary.
METHODS OF SHADOWING:

1. One man
2. Two man
3. ABC method
4. Progressive/Leap from method
5. Combined foot-auto surveillance
2. Casing or Reconnaissance – is
the surveillance of building, place
or area to determine its suitability
and vulnerability in operations.
Casing-Police term
Reconnaissance-military term
3. Undercover Assignment or
Work
– is an investigative technique in
which agent conceal his official
identity to obtain information from the
target or subject.

also known as ROPING

 surveillance of other things, events, and
activities
3. Informants
is any person who furnishes the police an
information relevant to the crime under
investigation, generally, without consideration.

Informer- is one who furnishes information to

the police generally with consideration.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS:
 Anonymous informant – do not wish to be
identified.
 Rival elimination informant – to eliminate
competition.
 False informant – reveals information of no
consequence or value.
 Frightened informant – motivated by
anxiety.
 Self-aggrandizing – hangs about the fringes
of the criminals.
Mercenary informant – gives information
for a price.
Double crosser informant – to get more
information from the police.
Woman informant – female associate of
the criminals.
Legitimate informant – operators of
legitimate business establishments.
MOTIVES OF
INFORMANTS: • Competition
• Vanity • Revenge
• Civic-mindedness • Jealousy
• Fear • Remuneration
• Repentance
• Avoidance of
punishment
Phase 3- Gather evidence against the
accused

1. Object Evidence- addressed to the

senses of the court
2. Testimonial Evidence- testimony from
victim or witness
3. Documentary Evidence- records
Note: Observed the principle of Chain of
Custody
Physical Evidence
-Articles and materials which are found in
connection with an investigation and which
help in establishing the identity of the
perpetrator or the circumstances under which
the crime was committed or which in general,
assist in the prosecution of the criminal.
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

• Is the conduct of processes more

particularly on the recognition, search,
collection, handling, preservation and
documentation of physical evidence to
include the identification , interview
and arrest of suspects at the crime
scene.
CRIME SCENE- is the location where the
offense was committed

Types of crime scene:

a.PRIMARY SCENE- is the location where
the initial offense was committed
b.SECONDARY SCENE- is the location of
all subsequent connected events
TYPES OF CRIME SCENE ACCORDING TO
SIZE:
A.MACROSCOPIC SCENE- is the large view
which includes things such as the relevant
location, the victim, and the suspects bodies, car
and building
B.MICROSCOPIC SCENE – consist of the
specific objects and pieces of evidences that are
associated with the commission of the crime
including bite marks, hairs and fiber, blood etc.
 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME
SCENE
• PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION- based on the
physical appearance of the crime scene mainly
focused on the pieces of physical evidence.
• MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION- conclusions
could be formulated based on the physical
reconstruction taking into account all available
pieces of evidence.
INDUCTIVE REASONING- the thought process
that moves from specific details to general
view , the facts of the case are used to arrive at the
logical explanation of the crime
DEDUCTIVE REASONING- The thought process
that moves from general premises to specific
details . A hypothesis about the crime is developed
and then tested against the factual situation to
arrive at a conclusion
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
(In the Absence of SOCO Assistance)

 Save and Preserve life.

Report of Incident  Provide emergency first aid for those injured at
to Police Unit the scene.
 Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of
severely injured person if any.
 Arrest, detain, and remove any suspect present
if more than one (1) isolate.
 Cordon the area to secure and preserve the
First Responders proceed
crime scene.
to the Crime Scene  Prevent entry of persons into the cordoned area.
 Conduct preliminary interview of witnesses to
determine what and how crime was committed.
 Prepare to brief the investigators of the
situation upon their arrival.

 Conduct assessment of the crime scene

 Investigate the Incident
Investigator-on-Case  Conduct Crime Scene Processing
arrive at the crime scene 1. Evaluate Evidences at
the Crime Scene
2. Documentation
(Photographs and
Sketches) Collection /
handling of Evidences
3. Custody and Transport
of Evidences
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
(Requiring SOCO Assistance)

Report of Incident
to Police Unit  Save and Preserve life.
 Provide emergency first aid for those injured at the
scene.
First Responders proceed  Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely
to the Crime Scene injured person if any.
 Arrest, detain, and remove any suspect present if more
than one (1) isolate.
Investigator-on-Case  Cordon the area to secure and preserve the crime
arrive at the crime scene  Conduct
scene. assessment of the crime scene
 Investigate the Incident

Investigator-on-Case  Prevent entry of persons into the cordoned area.

request for SOCO Assistance  Conduct preliminary interview of witnesses to
determine what and how crime was committed.
 Prepare to brief the investigators of the situation upon
Investigator-on-Case Turn-over
their arrival.
Crime Scene to SOCO

 Evaluate Evidences at the Crime Scene

Conduct of SOCO by  Documentation
Crime Laboratory (Photographs and Sketches)
 Collection / handling of Evidences
 Custody and Transport of Evidences

Release of Crime Scene

To Investigator-on-Case  (PNP Operational Procedures Sec, 4 para. i)
CSI PROPER
 COMPOSITION OF CSI TEAM
 Team Leader
1. CSI who is tasked to arrest the suspect at the CS.
2. CSI who is tasked to identify and interview witnesses
 CS Examiner
1. Evidence Collector
2. Evidence Custodian/Recorder
3. Crime Photographer
4. Sketcher
5. Measurer
6. Health Officer
7. Security Officer/Driver
 COMPOSITION OF SOCO TEAM

1. Team Leader
2. Evidence Collector
3. Crime Photographer
4. Sketcher
5. Evidence Custodian
6. Recorder
7. Driver and Security
ARREST
 ARREST
• Is defined as taking of a person into
custody in order that he may be bound
to answer the commission of an offense.

• All arrest should be made only on the

basis of valid warrant of arrest issued by
a competent authority, except in cases
under the doctrine of Citizen’s arrest.
 HOW ARREST IS MADE?
• an arrest is made by actual
restraint of a person, or by
submission to the custody of person
making the arrest.
 WARRANT OF ARREST

• It is an order in writing issued in the

name of the people of the
Philippines, signed by a Judge and
directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to arrest a person
stated therein and bring him before
the honorable court.
 LAWFUL WARRANLESS ARREST
A peace officer or a private person, may without
warrant arrest a person when:

CAUGHT IN THE ACT

HOT PURSUIT
PRISONER ARREST
COMPLAINT- a sworn written statement charging a
person with an offense, subscribed by the offended
party, any peace officer or other public officer
charged with the enforcement of the law violated
INFORMATION - An accusation in writing charging
a person with an offense , subscribed by the
prosecutor and filed with the court
SUBPOENA- a writ of court commanding the
recipient to appear at a certain time and place to
give testimony upon a certain matter
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
 SEARCH WARRANT

• An order in writing issued in the

name of the people of the
philippines , signed by a judge and
directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for
personal property described therein
and bring it before the court.
 ITEMS TO BE SEIZED

• property subject of the offense

• property stolen or embezzled and
other proceeds of fruits of the
offense; and
• property used or intened to be used
in commiting an offense.
 LAWFUL WARRANTLESS SEARCH
• CONSENT OR WAIVER (VOLUNTARY)
• PLAIN VIEW (INADVERTENTLY DISCOVERED)
• CUSTOM SEARCH (AIRPORT AND SEAPORT)
• SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLE (SUSPECTED VEHICLE)
• ROUTINE SEARCH( CHECKPOINTS)
• SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO LAWFUL ARREST (SEARCH
AFTER ARREST)
• STOP AND FRISK (REASONABLE SUSPICION)
• Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) – Exclusionary Rule – excludes
from trial any evidence obtained illegally/ (under the 4th
Amendments of the U.S Constitution, Bill of Rights)
“Exclusionary Rule of Evidence”
• Terry vs. Ohio (1968) – legality of “Stop and Frisk” and
the concept of Search incident to the Arrest
• Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine – evidence
generated by or directly obtained from an illegal search
also be excluded
PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME
SCENE
 1. UPON ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME
SCENE
record time/date of arrival at the crime
scene, location of the scene, condition of
the weather, condition and type of lighting,
direction of the wind and vissibility.

secure the scene by installing the crime

scene tape or rope(police line).
 before touching or moving any object at
the crime scene, determine first the status
of the victim, whether he is still alive or
already dead.

if the victim is alive, the investigator

should exert effort to gather information
from the victim regarding the circumstances
of the crime while the other member of the
team or someone must call an ambulance
from the nearest hospital.
 THE DYING DECLARATION
• Dying declaration is the statement as to the
cause of the persons death , made by the person
who has physically injured by the hands of
another and without hope of recovery and
subsequently dies of such injury.
• It is considered as competent evidence and
admissible only when the person has no hope of
recovery.
• If the person is able to speak, attempt to obtain
statement in the presence of witnesses and try to
have the victim sign the statement.
1. What is your name?
2. Do you believe you are about to die?
3. Do you have any hope of recovery from the
effects of injury you received?
4. Please tell me how you received the injury from
which you are now suffering.
5. Please give me the name of the person who did
this to you and why he did it.
After the victim is removed and brought
to the hospital for medical attention,
measure, sketch and photograph the
crime scene.

Note: only a coroner or medical

examiner shall remove the dead body
unless unusual circumstance justifies its
immediate removal
 Designate other member of the team or
summon policeman or responsible persons to
stand, watch and secure the scene, permit only
those authorized person to enter the same.
 identify and retain for questioning the person
who first notify the police, and other possible
witnesses.
determine the assailant through inquiry or
observe him if his identity is immediately
apparent. Arrest him if he still in the vicinity.

Separate the witness in order to get

Receipt of Briefing and Designation
of Command Post

Initiation of Preliminary Survey (Team

Leader of CSI or SOCO)

Preparation of Narrative Report

 2. DOCUMENTATION OF THE CRIME SCENE
Common Methods of Recording a Crime
Scene
a.Photographs will supplies maximum
information and to enable the viewer to
understand how the crime was committed.
b.Sketches. is the simplest and the most
effective way of showing actual measurement.
c. Note Taking- writing of important
observations in the crime scene.
Long-range
Photographs
Photos that show general
view of a CS

10
Photos that show general view of a CS
 Mid-range Photographs
Photographs taken from 8 to 10 feet from subject
Photograph show general view of a
subject/object in a crime scene

10
Close-up range Photographs

Photos that show details of a subject

 SKETCH

• It is the simplest and most effective way of

showing actual measurements and
identifying significant items of evidence in
their location at the crime scene.

reminder: Sketches are not substitute for

notes or photos they are but supplement to
them.
 KINDS OF SKETCH

ROUGH SKETCH- made by the investigator

at the crime scene, everything is
approximate and it is used as the basis of the
Finished sketch.

FINISHED SKETCH- made at the office,

scale and proportion is observed for this is
made for court presentation
 OBJECT OF SKETCHING BY
THE POLICE
1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY- this provide for
the view of the crime scene and its
environment it includes roads, neighboring
buildings, location of houses and etc.
in arson cases, this is very valuable since
it allows the fire investigator if the incident
was caused by nearby inflammable property.
2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS- it includes
crime scene with its nearest physical
surrounding like house with a garden.
3. SKETCH OF DETAILS- it describes the
immediate scene where the crime was
committed such as the room of the victim
and the essential details thereof.
 4. CROSS PROJECTION
THIS METHOD, WALLS AND CEILING ARE PICTURED AS IF ON THE SAME
PLANE AS OF THE FLOOR.
Elements of Sketching:
• Measurements- this must be accurate;
• Compass direction- a standard arrow that
designate the “North” orientation to facilitate
correct orientation;
• Essential Items- important items of investigation.
• Scale or Proportion- will vary on the drawing,
amount of detail and the size of the drawing paper.
• Legend
• Title-
 METHODS OF LOCATING OBJECTS ON
SKETCH:
• RECTANGULAR COORDINATES-
Measurement of the right angle from
each of two walls.
• TRIANGULATION- measurements are
made from each of two fixed objects to
the point you want to plot or locate so
as to form an imaginary triangle.
 Baseline method– a sketching method that
makes measurements along from a single
reference line, called a baseline, which can be
established by using a length of string, chalk
line, or some other convenient means.
 Compass point method– a sketching
method that requires a protractor or some
method of measuring angles between two
lines.
 Cross projection method – a sketching
method in which the ceiling appears to open
 NOTE TAKING
(NOTES)
•Required in court
•Includes a detailed written
description of the scene
•Used to refresh memories
 3. SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
A General survey of the scene is always made,
however, to note the location of obvious traces or
action, the probable entry and exit points used by the
offender and the size and shape of the area involved.

in rooms, buildings and small outdoor areas, a

systematic search of evidence is initiated and a
clockwise movement should be used.
METHODS OF SEARCHES
Strip Search Method

The searchers (A, B and C) proceed

slowly at the same pace along the path of
the rectangle and returned to another pace.
Double Strip or Grid Search Method

This method is a modification of the

Strip Method. Here, the searchers will
traversed first to the base then to the side.
Spiral Search Method

The three Searchers follow-each-other

in the path of a spiral, beginning on the
outside and spiraling-in towards the center..
Wheel Search Method

If the area to be searched is approximately

circular or oval, the wheel method may be used.
The searchers gather at the center, and proceed
out-ward along radii or spokes.
QUADRANT OR ZONE SEARCH
4. COLLECTING AND MARKING EVIDENCE
• the investigator places his initial , the
date and time of discovery on each
item of evidence for proper
identification.
• items that could not be marked should
be placed in suitable container and
sealed.
5. Tagging, evaluation and
preservation of evidence.
Always place your
Markings away from
the stain
. Note: ENCIRCLING THE
STAIN WITH A MARKER
OR INK MUST BE DONE
ONLY WHEN:

a. To indicate a particular
stain to be examined.

b. There is a suspicion for a

possibility that the stain
will further fade through
time.

c. The stain is not

prominent or hardly
visible to the naked eye.
 In rape cases,
bed sheets,
blankets, pillows,
couch covers, etc..
Are just some
sample of
materials where
seminal stains are
commonly found.
This type of stains
are unstable and
fade through time.
ENCIRCLING THE
STAIN IS
RECOMMENDED.
The same
pillow case
that was
tested positive
for the
presence of
seminal
Markings stain.
such
as
description,
initials of
collecting
officer, date
of collection
and as well as
encircling of
the stain
were
It is advisable to place
same markings such as
exhibit and initials on a
secured portion of the
specimen for the following
reasons:

a. The possibility for the tag

to be dislodged or removed
due to loose tagging or
incautious transport of the
specimen;
b. To further intensify
identification of the
specimen if ever the need
arises (e.g. court of
law/proceedings)
Labeling through Tagging

Tagging could be applied to movable objects such

as this knife where placing markings on any of its
surfaces is not possible.
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY

• It refers to the number of persons who

handled the evidence from the time of
its discovery up to the ultimate
disposition of the case. this should be
minimized as much as possible.
 6. CONDUCT OF FINAL SURVEY

7. releasing the crime scene

THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
• Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding
• Became the First Modern Detective
Force
 METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT OF
1829
• It was established through the effort of Sir
Robert Peel which created the metropolitan
police force in London.
• Its headquartes is known as “SCOTLAND
YARD”
• Sir Robert Peel - He is also considered as the
“father of modern policing.”
 Important Personalities Who Developed Criminal
Investigation

• Eugene Francois Vidocq – He was a former criminal/crook

turned Paris police investigator. He is credited with the founding La
Surete, France’s national detective organization. Considered those
in law enforcement to be the “father of modern criminal
investigation”.

• Jonathan Wild –He was a former criminal who first introduced the
idea of “thief taker”. He was named as “thief taker general”.
• Francis Turkey – Pioneered police “raid”.

• Hans Gross – Father of Criminalistics.

• John Fielding – Developed paid informant. Younger brother of

• Charles Dickens – Introduced the term “Detectives”.
• Allan Pinkerton – He is regarded as “America’s founder of Criminal
Investigation” and the most famous private investigator of his time. He
formed the Major Private agency in Chicago known as PINKERTON’S
NATIONAL DETECTIVE AGENCY in 1849.
• Insp. Thomas Bynes – American founder of criminal “Modus
Operandi” (“MO”) and Rogues’ Gallery containing pictures of known
offenders.
• Edgar J. Hoover – First FBI Director

• Edmond Locard – (Locard’s Theory) Transfer of evidence.

• Calvin H. Goddard – (Father of Ballistics)