ANALYSER

YANGO, PROSPER FREDRICK 2020-04-12488

SILOMA NAUMU 2020-04-11638
BUGINGO,JOSEPHINE JOHN 2020-04-00844
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS AN ANALYZER?
Analyzer is any device which can examine in
details the structure of the given data and tries to
find both pattern and relationship between parts
of the data.

In electronics, analyzer is an instrument that

captures and displays multiple signals from a
digital system or digital circuit. 2
It may either be a hardware or a software such as
a computer program found on a computer.
Analyzing involves the process of examine in
details in order to discover both meaning and
features.
It also converts the captured data into timing
diagrams, protocols decodes and many more
different ways that can be interpreted.
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EXAPLES OF ANALYZERS
 Oscilloscope which analyze the electronic signals.
 Blood analyzer that counts the number of different types of red and white blood
cells.
 Automated analyzer
 Industrial process analyzer
 Logic analyzer
 Network analyzer
 Spectrum analyzer
 Protocol analyzer
 Vector signal analyzer

 They are several types of Analyzer as listed above, but we are going to discuss
about one type of analyzer which is Spectrum analyzer
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SPECTRUM ANALYZER
It is an electronic instrument that is used for
analyzing waves in frequency domain.
Basically, it displays the energy distribution of a
signal on its CRT screen
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude (or
amplitude) of an input signal versus frequency within
the full frequency range of the instrument.
The input signal that most common spectrum analyzers measure
is electrical;
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SPECTRUM ANALYZER

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INTRODUCTION
By analyzing the spectra of electrical
signals, dominant frequency , power ,
distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and
other spectral components of a signal
can be observed that are not easily
detectable in time domain waveforms.
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INTRODUCTION
These parameters are useful in the
characterization of electronic devices,
such as wireless transmitters.
analyzer looks like an oscilloscope and, in
fact, some lab instruments can function
either as an oscilloscope or a spectrum
analyzer.
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INTRODUCTION

The primary use is to measure

the power of the spectrum of
known and unknown signals.
The input signal that most
common spectrum analyzers
measure is electrical;
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How Spectrum Analyzer looks (Outside)

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How Spectrum Analyzer looks (Inside)

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Types of Spectrum Analyzer

1.Swept-tuned spectrum analyzers

2.Real-time Spectrum analyzers
Parallel-filter analyzers
 Fourier (or FFT) Spectrum
analyzers
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1.Swept-tuned spectrum analyzers
 In fact, in their simplest form,
you could think of a swept-tuned
spectrum analyzer as nothing
more than a frequency-selective
voltmeter with a frequency range
that's tuned automatically.
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Swept-tuned spectrum analyzers
It is essentially a frequency-selective,
peak-responding voltmeter calibrated to
display the root mean square(rms) value
of a sine wave.
The spectrum analyzer can show the
individual frequency components that
make up a complex signal.
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Working Principle of Swept-tuned Spectrum
analyzers
The RF signal, which is to be analyzed is
applied to input attenuator. If the signal
amplitude is too large, then it can be
attenuated by an input attenuator.
Low Pass Filter (LPF) allows only the
frequency components that are less than
the cut-off frequency.
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Block Diagram of Swept-tuned Spectrum
analyzer

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Working Principle
Mixer gets the inputs from Low pass filter and
voltage tuned oscillator. It produces an output,
which is the difference of frequencies of the
two signals that are applied to it.
IF amplifier amplifies the Intermediate
Frequency (IF) signal, i.e. the output of mixer.
The amplified IF signal is applied to
detector(also called level detector).
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Working principle

The sweep generator is used to

control the frequency of voltage
tuned oscillator.
It also controls the sweep of the
scanned point on the display.
The level detector converts the
signal from the IF filter into signal 18
2.Real-time Spectrum analyzers

Despite the high performance of

modern superheterodyne analyzers,
they still can't evaluate frequencies
simultaneously and display an entire
frequency spectrum simultaneously.
Thus, they are not real-time analyzers.
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Real-time Spectrum analyzers

Also, the measurement times

may be very long because the
sweep speed of a swept-tuned
analyzer is always limited by the
time required for its internal
filter output signal to settle.
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21
Parallel-filter Spectrum analyzers

Another way to build a spectrum

analyzer is to combine several
bandpass filters, each with a
different passband frequency.
Each filter remains connected to
the input at all times. This type of
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Parallel-filter Spectrum analyzers

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Parallel-filter Spectrum analyzers
After an initial settling time, the
parallel-filter analyzer can
instantaneously detect and display
all signals within the analyzer's
measurement range. Therefore,
the parallel-filter analyzer provides
real-time signal analysis. 24
Parallel-filter Spectrum analyzers

A particular strength of the

parallel-filter analyzer is its
measurement speed, which
allows it to measure transient
and time-variant signals (also
called dynamic signals).
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Parallel-filter Spectrum analyzers
However, the frequency resolution of a
parallel-filter analyzer is much coarser
than a typical swept-tuned analyzer. This
is because the resolution is determined
by the width of the bandpass filters.
Typically, parallel-filter analyzers have
been used in audio-frequency
applications 26
Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers

The Fourier or FFT spectrum

analyzer is another real-time
spectrum analyzer implementation.
The Fourier analyzer, also referred
to as a dynamic signal analyzer, use
digital signal processing to sample
the input signal and convert it to the 27
Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers

 This conversion is done using

the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
The FFT is an implementation of
the Discrete Fourier Transform,
the math algorithm used for
transforming data from the time
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Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers

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Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers

FFT spectrum analyzers are

powerful instruments, because
their processing power can
extract more information from an
input signal than just the
amplitude and frequency
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Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers
When operating in real time, FFT
analyzers makes the same
measurements traditionally done with
parallel-filter analyzers and makes
these measurements, if desired, with
far greater frequency resolution.
For example, FFT analyzers can
measure both magnitude and phase, 31
Fourier (or FFT ) Spectrum analyzers

FFT analyzers have the

disadvantage of their restricted
frequency range.
Most FFT analyzers cannot make
measurements above 100 kHz.
The limiting factor has been the
speed of the analog-to-digital 32
APPLICATION OF SPECTRUM ANALYZERS
MONITORING OF THE FREQUENCY BANDWIDTH BY
REGULATORY BODIES
The real-time spectrum analyzers is used to scan for
radio signals in the whole frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
If the signal of certain frequency is seen that is not
registered to be used for broadcasting of any
communication , then the regulatory body can trace the
source of the signal to avoid illegal use of the frequency
by the broadcasting stations.
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OTHER APPLICATION OF SPECTRUM
ANALYZERS
Spectrum analyzer lets you monitor
and troubleshoot the physical
layer(radio waves) of you wireless
network.
 It is used to determine the distortion
and power transferred from the radio
broadcasting center
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ADVANTAGES OF ANALYZERS
It operates over a wide range of
frequency.
Since it displays signals in frequency
domain , we can easily detect the spectral
components like harmonics, bandwidth ,
distortion which cannot be easily
detectable in a time domain waveforms.
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DISADVANTAGES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZERS

Spectrum analyzers cannot display

a signal with respect to time.
It detects only continuous
waveform signals without any phase
information.

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