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CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL

GEOMETRY
SUBMITTED TO: Presentation
MAM AIMEN ZUBAIR
SUBMITTED BY:
HUZAIFA, HASSAN ZAHID, HUSNAIN, IFRAH
ROLL NO:
19013122-011, 19013122-018,19013122-021,19013122-010
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What i s dot
product?
o The dot product of two vectors A and B is
defined as the scalar value AB cosθ,
where θ is the angle between them such
that 0≤θ≤π.
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What i s dot
product?
o It is denoted by A.B by placing a dot
sign between the vectors.
o So we have the equation,
A.B = AB cosθ

o Another name of dot product is scalar

product.
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What i s c ross
product?
o The cross product of two vectors A and B
is defined as AB sinθ with a direction
perpendicular to A and B in right hand
system, where θ is the angle between
them such that 0≤θ≤π.
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What i s c ross
product?
o It is denoted by A x B by placing a
cross sign between the vectors.
o So we have the equation,
A x B = AB sinθη = C

o Another name of dot product is

vector product.
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Histor y o f do t
p roduct:
Dot product was founded in 1901 in Vector Analysis by Edwin
Bidwell Wilson:

“ The direct product is denoted by writing the two vectors

with a dot between them as A.B ”

“ This is read A dot B and therefore may often be called the

dot product instead of the direct product ”
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Histor y of cross
produc t:
o The first traceable work on ”cross product” was
founded in the book Vector Analysis.

o It was founded upon the lectures of Josiah

Willard Gibbs, second edition by Edwin Bidwell
Wilson published in 1909.
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Histor y o f cross
produc t:
“ The skew product is denoted by a cross as the direct
product was by a dot. It is written C = A x B and read A
cross B. For this reason it is often called the cross
product ” – Vector Analysis
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Representation:
Dot product :
α.β = β.α
Gibbs :
Cross product :
Gibbs : α x β = –β x
α
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I l l u s t r a t i on o f dot product:

If A and B are two vectors of form,

A = A1i + A2j
+A3k B = B1i +
B2j +B3k
Then the dot product of A
and B is,
A.B = A1B1 +
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I l l u s t r a t i on o f dot product:

The angular relationship of two vectors A and B as per

dot product is:

A.B = A B cosθ

= AB cosθ
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I l l u s t r a t i on o f do t
p rodu c t :
The dot relationship of unit vectors along three axes :

i .j = j .k = k .i = 0
and i . i = j . j = k . k = 1
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I l l u s t r a t i on of cross
p roduct:

o Why Cross Product?

- For accumulation of interactions between different

dimensions.
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I l l u s t r a t i on of c ross
product:
If A and B are two vectors of form
A=A1i+A2j+A3 k
B = B 1i +
B2j+B3k
i j k
Then the cross Product of
A and B is, AxB A1
A2
= A
B1
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I l l u s t r a t i on o f cross p roduct:

The angular relationship of two vectors A and B is

A x B = A B sinθ

= AB sinθ
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I l l u s t r a t i on o f cross p roduct:

The cross relationship of unit vectors along three axes

are:
ixi=jxj=kxk=0
i x j= k & j x i = -k
jx k = I & k x j = -i
kxi= j & i x k = -j
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Dot product vs c ross pro duct:

Dot product Cross product

Result of a dot product is a scalar Result of a cross product is a vector
quantity. quantity.
It follows commutative law. It doesn’t follow commutative law.
Dot product of vectors in the same Cross product of vectors in same
direction is maximum. direction is zero.
Dot product of orthogonal vectors is Cross product of orthogonal vectors is
zero. maximum.
It doesn’t follow right hand system. It follows right hand system.
It is used to find projection of vectors. It is used to find a third vector.
It is represented by a dot (.) It is represented by a cross (x)
Proper t i e s of dot product : 19

☻ Commutative law: A.B = B.A

☻ Distributive law: A.(B+C) = A.B+A.C
☻ Associative law: m(A.B) = (mA).B = A.
(mB)
Proper t i e s of cro ss p rodu c t : 20

☻ Distributive law: A x (B+C) = A x B+A x C

☻ Associative law: m(A x B) = (mA) x B = A x
(mB)
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D i s t i n c t i o n i n commutative l a w :

A x B = C has a magnitude ABsinϴ and AxB=

direction is such that A, B and C form a right C

handed system (from fig-a ) θ

A B
Fig - (a)
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D i s t i n c t i o n i n commutative law:

B x A = D has magnitude BAsinϴ and

direction such that B, A and D form a
right handed system ( from fig -b ) A B
BxA=
D

Fig - (b)
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D i s t i n c t i o n i n commutative law:

Then D has the same magnitude as C but is opposite in

direction,
that is,C = - D
AxB=-Bx
A
Therefore the commutative law for cross product is not
valid.
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Appl icatio ns o f do t
p rodu c t :
❶ Finding angle between two vectors:
B
A.B = |A||B| cos

cos =A 
A.B B A
A .B
 = cos (A
− 1

) B
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❷ Projections of light:
Light source

From the figure,

cos ϴ = B
ON
ON = B B
cos ϴ
As we know,
cos ϴ =A
A . B BA 
B cos ϴ =
So we reach to, A.B
A.
O N A
BA
ON =
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Real l i f e applications o f dot
product:
o Calculating total cost
o Electromagnetism, from which we get light,
electricity, computers etc.
o Gives the combined effect of the coordinates in
different dimensions on each other.
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Appl icatio ns of c ross
product:
❶ To find the area of a parallelogram: C
B

Area of parallelogram = h |B| h

= |A| sinθ |B| 

O
=|A xB | A
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Appl icatio ns of c ross
product:
❷ To find the area of a triangle:
B

1 h
Area of triangle = h |B|
2

1
= |A| sinθ |B| O
2 A
1
= |AxB
2
|
Real l i f e applications o f cross 29
product:

o Finding moment
o Finding torque
o Rowing a boat
o Finding the most effective path
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Dot and c ross vect o r
t ogether:
Dot and cross products of three vectors A , B and C may produce meaningful products of the form
(A.B)C, A.(BxC)
and Ax(BxC) then phenomenon is called triple product.

A1 A2 A3
A.(B x C) B1 B2
=
C1 B3
C2
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Appl icatio n of t r iple
p roduct:
Volume of the parallelepiped

= (height h) x (area of the parallelogram I)

A
= (A.n) x (| B x C |)
h
= A. (| B x C | n) C n
I
= A. ( B x C ) B
Any
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Que
st i on?
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Memory
boos te r :
 Area of a triangle of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Dot B. Cross
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Memory
boos te r :
 Area of a triangle of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Dot B. Cross
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Memory
boos te r :
 Area of a triangle of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Dot B. Cross
 Projection of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Cross B. Dot
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Memory
boos te r :
 Area of a triangle of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Dot B. Cross
 Projection of vectors is determined by which vector
product method?
A. Cross B. Dot
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