DATABASE SYSTEM

GROUP MEMBERS
FAIZAN KHALID 2241022
TAYYAB RAFI 2241156
M HAMZA SALEEM 2241080
IMRAN KHAN 2241006
Database System of Online Store

 Thiswill explore the essential components of

an online store database system, delving
into the tables, relationships, and data
structure crucial for managing products,
customers, and orders. It will highlight the
importance of a well-designed database in
ensuring smooth operations and user
experience
Introduction to the Online Store
Database
 Foundation for Operations ;
The online store database serves as the
central repository for all data, enabling
efficient management and access.
 Product Catalog;
The database stores comprehensive
information about each product offered, such
as name, description, price, and inventory
 Customer Profiles
Customer data, including personal
information, order history, and preferences, is
meticulously stored and organized.
Order Processing
The database tracks orders from placement to
fulfillment, including shipping details and
payment information
Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
of the Database
 Customers and Orders
Each customer can place multiple orders,
resulting in a one-to-many relationship
between these entities.
 Orders and Products
An order can consist of multiple products,
leading to a one-to-many relationship between
orders and products.
Products and Categories
A product can belong to multiple categories,
such as cosmetics and body care, forming a
many-to-many relationship between products
and categories
Key Tables: Customers, Orders,
Products, Inventory
Customers Orders Products Inventory
Customer ID Order ID Product ID
Product ID Customer Name Order Date
Product Name Quantity Email Order
Total Price Location Address Shipping
Address Description Date Updated
Relationships Between Tables: One-
to-Many, Many-to-Many
 One-to-Many

A single customer can place multiple orders,

illustrating a one-to-many relationship
between the Customers and Orders tables.
 Many-to-Many
A product can belong to multiple categories,
showcasing a many-to-many relationship
between the Products and Categories Tables.
One-to-One
Each order has one associated customer,
demonstrating a one-to-one relationship
between the Orders and Customers tables.

Product Categories: Cosmetics and

Body Care
Cosmetics Body Care
Lipsticks Lotions
Mascaras Soaps
Foundations Shampoos
Eyeshadows Conditioners
Blushes Shower Gels
Detailed Product Information: Name,
Description, Price, Quantity
 Product Name
Each product has a unique name to distinguish
it from others within the store.
Description
Detailed descriptions provide information
about the product's features, benefits, and
usage instructions
 Price

The price of each product is displayed clearly

and prominently, reflecting current market
value.
 Quantity
The available quantity of each product is
tracked and updated in real-time to reflect
current stock levels.
Database system of online store
 The database system of an online store plays a
critical role in supporting various functions like
product management, user interaction, order
processing, and inventory management. An
efficient and well-structured database system is
vital for the smooth operation of the e-commerce
platform. Below, we’ll go over the core
components of a typical database architecture for
an online store, and how each part functions
within the system.
1. Core Database Structure
1.1 Tables and Entities
1.Users Table
This table stores information about the customers,
admin users, and other stakeholders.
Key fields:
•user_id (Primary Key)
•username
•password_hash (encrypted)
•email
•phone_number
•shipping_address
•billing_address
•role
(admin/customer)
•created_at
•last_login
2.Products Table
This table holds information about the items being sold.
Key fields:
•product_id (Primary Key)
•product_name
•description
•price
•category_id (Foreign Key)
 •quantity_in_sto
ck
•image_url
•created_at
•updated_at

3. Categories Table
Organizes products into specific categories
(e.g., electronics, clothing, etc.).
Key fields:
•category_id (Primary Key)
•category_name
•parent_category_id
•(self-referencing Foreign Key for sub-categories)
4. Orders Table
This table tracks each order placed by customers.
Key fields:
•order_id (Primary Key)
•user_id (Foreign Key from Users)
•order_date
•shipping_address
•billing_address
•order_status (e.g., pending, shipped,
delivered)
•total_amount
•payment_status (e.g., paid, pending,
refunded)
5. Order Items Table
Stores information about the products in each order.
Key fields:
•order_item_id (Primary Key)
•order_id (Foreign Key from Orders)
•product_id (Foreign Key from Products)
•quantity
•price_at_purchase (in case of price changes)
•subtotal (price * quantity)
Customer Data: Personal
Information, Order History
 Personal Information
Basic customer data like name, email, and
address is stored securely.
Order History
Detailed records of past purchases, including
order dates and items purchased, are
maintained.
Saved Items
Customers can save products they're
Order Management: Tracking,
Fulfillment, Shipping
 Order Placement
Customers initiate orders, providing shipping
and payment information.
 Order Processing
Orders are reviewed, processed, and prepared
for shipment.
 Order Fulfillment
Products are picked, packaged, and shipped to
the customer's address.
 Order Delivery
Customers receive tracking updates and
notification upon order delivery

ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE STORE &

SHOPPING
Online store shopping has become
increasingly popular due to its many
benefits for both consumers and
retailers. Here are the key advantages of
shopping at online stores:
1. Convenience

•24/7 Availability:
•Online stores are open all day, every day.
• You can shop whenever it suits you,
• regardless of time zone or store hours.
•No Physical Boundaries:
•You can shop from anywhere—whether at home,
•on the go, or while traveling. You don’t need to worry
•about parking, traffic, or store locations.
2. Wider Selection

•More Product Choices:

•Online retailers often offer a much broader
•range of products compared to brick-and-mortar
stores.
•You can find items that may not be available locally.
•Global Access:
•You have access to products from different countries,
•regions, and retailers, widening your selection
• even further.
3. Better Pricing and Discounts

•Price Comparison: Online shopping makes it easy to

• compare prices between different retailers,
• ensuring you get the best deal.
•Exclusive Online Discounts:
•Many online stores offer special promotions,
•deals, and discounts that are not available
•in physical stores.
•No Hidden Costs: You can easily find out all the costs
•(shipping, taxes) upfront, so there are no surprises
• at checkout.
4. Time Saving

•Quick Search and Navigation: You can search for

•specific products, compare items, and filter results
•in seconds, saving time compared to walking through
• aisles in a physical store.
•No Crowds or Lines: Shopping online avoids the
•hassle of crowded stores, long checkout lines,
• or waiting for assistance from store staff.
5. Detailed Product Information

In-Depth Descriptions:
Online stores typically offer detailed product
descriptions, specifications, and high-
resolution images, helping you make an
informed purchasing decision.
Customer Reviews:
Many online stores allow customers to leave
reviews and ratings, which can guide your
purchase choices based on others’
experiences.
Expert Opinions and Guides: Many
websites also include expert opinions,
comparison charts, and buying guides that
provide additional insights about the
products.
6. Easy Returns and Exchanges
•Convenient Return Policies: Many online retailers offer
hassle-free return and exchange processes.
Some even provide free return
shipping, allowing you to shop risk-free.
•Return Pickups: Some online stores will even
send someone to pick up the product if you need
to return it.
7. Detailed Product Information

•More Product Details:

•Online stores often provide detailed product
•descriptions, technical specifications, and high-quality
•images that are not always available in physical stores.
•Product Demonstrations: Some online stores
•offer videos or 360-degree views of products, making it
•easier to understand their features and quality.
8. Time-Saving
•Skip the Lines and Travel:
You don’t need to spend time traveling to a store,
parking, or standing in checkout lines.
The entire process of shopping—from selecting items
to payment—can be done in a few clicks.
•Faster Decision-Making:
With all the information available at your fingertips
(reviews, descriptions, images, and comparisons),
you can make purchasing decisions much faster than
in a physical store.
9. Delivery and Return Options
•Home Delivery: Most online stores offer home delivery,
which is especially convenient for bulky items or those
you don't want to transport yourself. Many services
provide options for same-day or next-day delivery.
•Easy Returns and Exchanges:
Many online retailers offer hassle-free return and
exchange policies, making it easier to return items
that don’t meet expectations.
In some cases, return shipping may even be free.
10. Personalization
•Tailored Recommendations:
Many online stores use algorithms to recommend
products based on your browsing and purchasing
history, offering a more personalized shopping experience.
•Customizable Options:
Some online stores allow you to customize products,
such as engraving, choosing colors, or selecting sizes,
offering a more personalized touch.
 Disadvantages of online store &
shopping
 Whileonline shopping offers numerous
benefits, it also comes with a set of
disadvantages and challenges. These
drawbacks can affect the shopping
experience for both consumers and
businesses. Below are some of the key
disadvantages of online stores and
shopping:
1. Lack of Physical Interaction with
Products
•Inability to Touch and Feel:
One of the most significant downsides of online
shopping is that customers cannot physically touch,
feel, or try out the products before buying them.
This can be particularly problematic for items like clothing,
shoes, or electronics, where size, fit, and feel are important.
•Uncertainty About Quality:
Without the ability to inspect items in person,
consumers may have doubts about the quality, material,
or craftsmanship of a product. Despite reviews and
product descriptions, this uncertainty can lead to
dissatisfaction after purchase.
2. Shipping Costs and Delays
•Additional Shipping Fees:
While some online stores offer free shipping, many charge
for delivery. These fees can significantly increase the total
cost of an order, especially for smaller purchases or
international shipping.
•Long Shipping Times:
•Depending on the location of the warehouse, delivery times
•can vary, and customers may face delays, especially during
• peak shopping seasons (e.g., holidays, sales events).
•In some cases, shipping can take several days or weeks.
•Unpredictable Delivery Times:
•Even when promised delivery times are stated, weather
•conditions, customs issues, or courier delays can cause packages
• to arrive later than expected, leading to frustration for customers.
3. Security and Privacy Concerns
•Data Breaches:
Online shopping involves the sharing of sensitive
personal and financial information. Despite advances in
encryption and secure payment systems, there is always
a risk of data breaches, hacking, or identity theft.
•Fraud and Scams:
Some online stores (especially fraudulent or less-known platforms)
may scam customers, either by selling counterfeit products
or by charging for items that they never ship.
Consumers may also be tricked into entering personal
information on fake websites that resemble legitimate retailers.
4. No Immediate Gratification
•Waiting for Delivery:
In contrast to physical stores, where customers can
take home their purchases immediately, online shopping
requires waiting for the product to be delivered.
This delay can be a significant drawback, especially
for time-sensitive purchases (e.g., gifts, last-minute needs).
•Lack of Instant Use:
For some products, such as software, movies, or books,
customers can instantly download them online.
However, for physical items, there's an inherent delay
between purchasing and receiving the product.
5. Complex Return and Refund
•Difficulties in Returning Products:
Processes
While many online stores offer returns, the process can
sometimes be inconvenient, costly, or complicated.
Customers may need to pay for return shipping, or be
required to fill out forms or obtain return authorization
before sending an item back.
•Refund Delays:
Processing refunds for returned items can take time, especially
if the store has complicated return policies. Some stores may
also impose restocking fees or not offer full refunds, which can
be frustrating for consumers.
•Inconsistent Return Policies:
Not all online stores offer flexible return policies, and the policy terms
6. Potential for Over-Purchasing
•Impulse Buying:
Online shopping can make it easier to make impulsive
purchases due to the lack of face-to-face interaction and
the ease of adding items to a cart with just a click.
This can lead to higher spending, especially with tempting
sales or promotions.
•Difficulty Managing Orders:
With many items ordered at once, it can sometimes be
hard for consumers to keep track of purchases, leading
to accidental over-ordering or buying items they
don't truly need.
7. Environmental Impact
•Packaging Waste:
Online stores often use excessive packaging, which
contributes to environmental waste. Products may be
wrapped in plastic, bubble wrap, and cardboard, all of which
contribute to landfill waste.
•Carbon Footprint of Delivery:
The logistics involved in delivering individual orders
can result in higher carbon emissions compared to buying
items locally in bulk. This is especially true for international
shipments, which involve longer transportation distances
and greater environmental impact.