BASIC TERMS IN RESEARCH

• NURSING RESEARCH: Is defined as the systemic,

objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance
to nursing
• Empirical Data: is the data gathered through the
senses
• RESEARCH UTILIZATION: focuses on implementing
of findings from specific research evidence.
• INFORMED CONSENT: means that the subject
agrees participate
• LOGICAL: IS the piece of information collected
during the study
 HISTORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
• • Reviewing the hx of nursing research helps to
understand the current status and to plan for the
future of nursing research
• • In the beginning qualitative research was
started and later the quantitive was included in order
to get the holistic understanding of the phenomena
• • Work of Florence nightingale(1859) marked the
beginning of nursing research
• • Collected and analyzing the morbidity and
mortality of the soldiers in Crimean war
 METHOD OF ACQURING KNWLEDGE
• • Tradition
• • Authority
• • Barrowing
• • Trial and Error
• • Personal experience
• • Role mdeling
• • Reasoning
 XTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• • Objectivity
• • Validity
• • Systematic process
• • Reliability
• • Testability
• • Empirical
 NURSING RESEARCH
• Definition: Nursing research is the systematic
inquiry designed to develop knowledge about
issues of importance to the nursing
profession, including nursing practice,
education, administration and informatics
 XTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
• Systematic
• Logical
• Empirical
• Replicable
 SCOPE
• Nursing education
• Nursing administration
• Nursing practice
• Informatics
 ROLE OF A MIDWIFE IN RESEARCH
• • Principal investigator
• • Member of the research team
• • Identifier
• • Evaluator
• • User of research finding
• • As a subject in studies
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. Based on type of data
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
2. Purpose/ uses
• Basic/ pure: brings about new knowledge
or ideas
• Applied: it attempt to solve pratical
question or problems
 Cont..
3. Methodology
• Descriptive: it geared toward describing
phenomena or event
• Historical: collect data to explain past event or
issues
• Explanatory: explaining why events occur and
elaborate, or test existing theories
• Correlational
• Experimental
• Exploratory: seek more understanding based
ideas he has on something observed
 types cont..

4. Based on Time
• Retrospective
• Prospective
• Cross- sectional
• Longitudinal
5. Precision
• Experimental
• Non experimental
• Quasi- experimental
 STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
• Identify a research problem
• Reviewing literature
• Purpose for research
• Design
• Data collection
• Analysis of data and interpretation
• Communicating the findings
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Definition: is an interrogative statement that
ask what relations exist between two or more
variables
• Six Condition for Research problem
I. Involve individual, group or organization
II. Must have objective to achieve
III. Dilemma for the researcher selecting
possible alternative
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• Steps in research process. Before conducting any
research work, the research have to find out what
should be the research problem. A research should
be on the interest of the researcher and be significant
to the nursing profession.
• Sources of research PROBLEM
I. Personal experience
II. Social issues
III. Existing theories
IV. Professional experience
 CONT..
IV. Brainstorming
VI. Record
 Justification of the problem
• Must be an environment in which researcher
feels difficulty and the researcher want to find
out the problem
• Must be an outcome or finding
• Must be atleast two means(courses of
actions) to obtain objectives of the researcher.
 CONT..
 Criteria for selection of research problem;,
I. originality,
II. Relevance
III. feasibility,
IV. ethical,
V. researcher qualification and
VI. current problem
 CONT..
 Defining the problem
I. Selecting
II. Narrowing
III. Evaluating
 Statement of the problem
I. Written in an interrogative statement
II. Includes population of the study
III. Includes variables
IV. Empirically tested
 What is a literature review
• The literature review is a written overview of
major writings and other sources on a
selected topic.
• Sources covered in the review may include
scholarly journal articles, books, government
reports, Web sites, etc.
• The literature review provides a description,
summary and evaluation of each source.
• It is usually presented as a distinct section of a
graduate thesis or dissertation
 Steps in the literature Review
• Define the research question (for more)
• Determine inclusion/exclusion criteria
• Choose databases and conduct the search
• Synthesize the information gathered
• Analyze the information gathered
• Write the literature review
 Sources
Primary Secondary
 Diaries Journal articles
• Audio recordings Textbooks
• Transcripts Dictionaries and
• Original manuscripts Encyclopaedias
 What is Research Questions?
Defintion:
• A research question is "a question that a research project sets
out to answer".
• A good research question (RQ) forms backbone of a good
research,
• It is vital in unraveling mysteries of nature and giving insight
into a problem
• RQ identifies the problem to be studied and guides to the
methodology.
• RQ aims to explore an existing uncertainty in an area of
concern and points to a need for deliberate investigation.
• Example: How do employees perceive digital transformation
in retail HR?
 Characteristics of Good RQ

• Details the problem statement

• Further describes and Defines the issue under
study
• Adds focus to the problem statement
• Guides data collection and analysis
• Sets context of research.
 Research Objectives
• A research objective is defined as a clear and concise
statement of the specific goals and aims of a research
study.
• It outlines what the researcher intends to accomplish
and what they hope to learn or discover through their
research.
• Start each objective with an action verb like assess,
compare, determine, evaluate, etc., which makes the
research appear more actionable.
• Example: To assess employee perceptions of digital
transformation in retail HR
 Cont..
• The objectives should be SMART—specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.
• Specific—clear about the what, why, when, and
how
• Measurable—identifies the main variables of the
study and quantifies the targets
• Achievable—attainable using the available time
and resources
• Realistic—accurately addresses the scope of the
problem
• Time-bound—identifies the time in which each
step will be completed
 Cont..

• Types
• General objectives (1-2 general)
• Specific objectives (3-4 specific
 RESEARCH DESIGN
• A research design also called a research strategy,
is a plan to answer a set of questions
(McCombes, 2019).
• It is a framework that includes the methods and
procedures to collect, analyze, and interpret data.
• In other words, the research design describes
how the researcher will investigate the central
problem of the research and is, thus part of the
research proposal.
 Characteristics

• influence the type of data to be gathered and,

its results.
• Research design also defines all other
constituent parts of a study, such as variables,
hypotheses, experiments, methodology, and
statistical analysis (Creswell et al., 2018).
 CONTI..
• Identify the problem.
• Justify why it is a problem.
• Review literature surrounding the problem.
• Specify hypotheses regarding the problem.
• Describe the data to test the hypotheses and
how it will be collected.
• Define how this data will be interpreted and
analyze
 Types
Quantitative design:
• Research goal where actionable insight is tied
to a statistical conclusion.
• The quantitative approach frames numbers as
a representation of data.
• Specify which method and instrument need to
be apply
 Conti..
• Qualitative design
• Experimental design
• Non- experimental design
• Quasi- experimental design
 Data Collection
• Data collection is the process of gathering
information from various sources via different
research methods and consolidating it into a single
database or repository so researchers can use it for
further analysis.
• Data collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of interest, in
an established systematic fashion that enables one
to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
 Conti..
• Quantitative data collection: methods involve
systematic approaches to collecting data, like
numerical data, using instrument
• Questionnaire
• Likerts scale
• Checklist
• polls
• Qualitative data collection: methods focus on
capturing non-numerical DATA, such as interviews,
focus groups, and observations, to delve deeper into
understanding attitudes, behaviors, and motivations.
 Data Analysis
• Data analysis is the most crucial part of any
research.
• Data analysis summarizes collected data.
• It involves the interpretation of data gathered
through the use of analytical and logical
reasoning to determine patterns, relationships
or trends of variables
 Conti..
Quantitative data ANALYSIS:
 Statistical package for social sciences
 Descriptive statistic example: tables, percentage, SD,
MEAN,
 Inferential statistic: T:Test, ANOVA WALKOXON TEST
Qualitative data Analysis
 content analysis,
 narrative analysis,
 discourse analysis,
 thematic analysis, and
 grounded theory analysis.
 Report Writing
 Report writing is a structured way of communicating information to
a specific audience. It involves collecting data, analyzing it, and
presenting it in a logical and organized manner.
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
 Ethical consideration & participant
 Result
 Discussion
 Reference
 population
• The research population, also known as the
target population, refers to the entire group or
set of individuals, objects, or events that
possess specific characteristics and are of
interest to the researcher. It represents the
larger population from which a sample is
drawn
 Conti…
• Sample is the specific group that you will
collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the
population.
• Sample = the selected elements (people or
objects) chosen for participation in a study;
people are referred to as subjects or
participants
 Sampling
• Sampling is the process of selecting a group of
people, events, behaviors, or other elements
with which to conduct a study
• Could be extremely large if population is
national or international in nature
• Sample Frame is needed so that everyone in
the population is identified so they will have
an equal opportunity for selection as a subject
(element)
 Types of Sampling Methods
• Probability Sampling Methods: Every element
(member) of the population has a probability
greater than) of being selected for the sample
• Increases sample's representativeness
• Decreases sampling error and sampling bias
I. Simple random
II. Stratified random
III. Cluster random sampling
IV. Systematic
 NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling is defined as a
sampling technique in which the researcher
selects samples based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher rather than
random selection.
 CONTI..
These methods can include
 convenience sampling,
 judgmental sampling,
 quota sampling, and
 snowball sampling, among others.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• Ethical considerations in research are a
set of principles that guide your research
designs and practices. Scientists and
researchers must always adhere to a
certain code of conduct when collecting
data from people. These considerations
work to
• protect the rights of research participants
• enhance research validity
• maintain scientific or academic integrity
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE IN RESEARCH
• VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:Your participants are
free to opt in or out of the study at any point in
time.
• INFORMED CONSENT:Participants know the
purpose, benefits, risks, and funding behind the
study before they agree or decline to join.
• ANONYMITY:You don’t know the identities of the
participants. Personally identifiable data is not
collected.
 CONTI..

• CONFIDENTIALITY: You know who the participants

are but you keep that information hidden from
everyone else.
• Physical, social, psychological and all other types
of harm are kept to an absolute minimum.
• POTENTIAL FOR HARM: Physical, social,
psychological and all other types of harm are kept
to an absolute minimum.
• RESULTS COMMUNICATION: You ensure your work
is free of plagiarism or research misconduct, and
you accurately represent your results.
 QUESTIONAIRE
• A questionnaire is a research instrument that
consists of a set of questions or other types of
prompts that aims to collect information from
a respondent. A research questionnaire is
typically a mix of close-ended questions and
open-ended questions.
 ADVANTAGE
 Gather a lot of data in less time.
• There is less chance of any bias(like
selection bias)
• Quick and cost-effective. It offers you a rich
set of features to design, distribute, and
analyze the response data
• Respondents can answer the questionnaire
without revealing their identity.
 XTERISTICS
• Uniformity
• Exploratory
• Question Sequence:
 TYPES
• Structured Questionnaires: The questionnaire is
planned and designed to gather precise information.
• Unstructured Questionnaires: The questions are more
open-ended to collect specific data from participants.
• Others
• IN HOUSE QUESTIONAIRE
• MAIL QUESTIONAIRE
• TELEPHONE
• ONLINE QUESTIONaire
NATURE OF QUESTIO IN QUESTIONAIRE
• Open-Ended Questions: Open-ended questions , where
the respondent can answer in a free form with little to
no restrictions.
• Dichotomous Questions: is generally a “yes/no”
close-ended question.
• Multiple-Choice Questions: Multiple-choice questions
are a close-ended question type in which a respondent
has to select one
• Scaling Questions: These questions are based on the
principles of the four measurement scales –
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio