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Teaching Notes Quadratic Functions. Standard and Vertex Form

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25 views

Teaching Notes Quadratic Functions. Standard and Vertex Form

Uploaded by

mariaalbertfiles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT:4.

Quadratic
6 Functions

STATEMENT OF INQUIRY

Representing patterns with


equivalent forms
can lead to better systems,
models, and methods.
You are
expected to:
• Analyze graphs of quadratic functions.

• Write quadratic functions in vertex form


and use the results to sketch graphs of
functions.

• Find the minimum and maximum values


of quadratic functions in real-life
applications.
The Graph of a Quadratic Function

• We have learned that the graph of f (x) = mx + b


is a line whose slope is m and whose y-intercept is
(0, b).
• In this unit, you will study second-degree
polynomial functions, which are called quadratic
functions.
The Graph of a Quadratic Function
• The graph of a quadratic function is a special type of
U-shaped curve called a parabola.

• Parabolas occur in many real-life applications, especially those


involving reflective properties, such as satellite dishes or
flashlight reflectors.

• All parabolas are symmetric with respect to a line called the


axis of symmetry, or simply the axis of the parabola. The
point where the axis intersects the parabola is called the
vertex of the parabola.
The Graph of a Quadratic
Function
•
The Graph of a Quadratic
Function
Task 1 – Parent Functions: f (x) = x2

• Sketch the graph of the function and describe


how the
graph is related to the graph of f (x) = x2.

• a. g (x) = –x2 + 1
• b. h (x) = (x + 2)2 – 3
Task1(a) –
•
Solution
With respect to the graph of f (x) = x2, the graph of g is obtained
by a reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift one unit upward.
TASK1(b) – Possible Solution
• The graph of h is obtained by a horizontal shift two units to the left
and a vertical shift three units downward.
The vertex Form of a Quadratic Function

• The equation in Task 1(b) is written in the


vertex form or also called the “graphing
form”

f (x) = a (x – h)2 + k.

• This form is especially convenient for sketching


a parabola because it identifies the vertex of
the parabola as (h, k).
Task 2 – Identifying the Vertex of a Quadratic
Function
• Describe the graph of f (x) = 2x2 + 8x + 7 and identify the
vertex.
Write the quadratic function in vertex form by
completing the square.

f (x) = 2x2 + 8x + 7
= (2x2 + 8x) + 7 Group x-terms.

= 2(x2 + 4x) + 7 Factor 2 out of x-terms.


Add and subtract (4/2)2 = 4

= 2(x2 + 4x + 4 – 4) +
Regroup terms.
7

Write in vertex form.


= 2(x + 4x + 4) –
2

2(4) + 7
• From the vertex form, you can see that the graph of f is a parabola
that opens upward with vertex (–2, –1).

• This corresponds to a left shift of two units and a downward shift of


one unit relative to the graph of y = 2x2.

• The stretch factor.


FINDING TURNING POINTS OF
QUADRATICS BY COMPLETING THE
SQUARE
The shape of the graph of y = ax2 + bx+ c is called a parabola.
The orientation of the parabola depends on the value of a, the coefficient of x 2.
If a > 0, the curve has a minimum point which occurs at the
lowest point of the curve.

If a < 0, the curve has a minimum point which occurs at the


lowest point of the curve.

n the case of a parabola, we also call this point the turning point of the parabo
very parabola has a line of symmetry that passes through the vertex.

To sketch the graph of a quadratic function, the key properties


are:
•the general shape of the graph
•the axis intercepts ( both the x and y-intercept)
•the coordinates of the vertex.(-h,k)
Task 2
a. Find the axis crossing points for the graph of y = x2 − 4x − 12.
b. Sketch the graph of y = x2 − 4x − 12 and find the coordinates of the vertex

a. y = x2 − 4x − 12 When y = 0,
When x = 0, y = −12 x2 − 4x − 12 = 0
(x + 2)(x − 6) = 0

x + 2 = 0 or x−6=0

x = −2 or x = 6

y-intercept (0, −12),


X-intercepts (−2, 0) and (6, 0).
Task 2.
B. Sketch the graph of y = x2 − 4x − 12 and find the coordinates of the verte
b Method 1. Using the symmetry of the curve:

The x-axis crossing points are (−2, 0) and (6, 0).


The line of symmetry cuts the x-axis midway between −2 and 6.

Hence the line of symmetry is x = 2

y x=2 y = x2 − 4x −
When x = 2, y = (2)2 − 4(2) − 12 = −16 12

−2O 6 x
Minimum point = (2, −16)
−12
(2, −16)
Task 2.
B. Sketch the graph of y = x2 − 4x − 12 and find the coordinates of the verte

Method 2 By completing the square:


y y = x2 − 4x −
x2 − 4x − 12 = (x − 2)2 − 22 − 12 12
y = (x − 2)2 − 16
−2O 6 x
−12
(2, −16)
Task 3.
3. a Write 6x − 7 − x2 in the form a − (x + b)2.
b. Write down the coordinates of the turning point of the
curve
stating whether it is a maximum or minimum point.
a. 6x − 7 − x2 = −(x2 − 6x + 7)
= − [(x − 3)2 − 32 + 7]

= − [(x − 3)2 − 2]

= 2 − (x − 3)2

b y = 6x − 7 − x2 = 2 − (x − 3)2

The maximum value of 2 − (x − 3)2 is 2 − 0 = 2 , when x = 3

Hence the turning point is (3, 2) and it is a maximum point.


Task 4 The Maximum Height of a
Projectile
A baseball is hit at a point 3 meters above the ground at a
velocity of 100 feet per second and at an angle of 45 with
respect to the ground. The path of the baseball is given by the
function f (x) = –0.0032x2 + x + 3, where f (x) is the height of
the baseball (in meters) and x is the horizontal distance from
the home plate (in meters).

What is the maximum height reached by the baseball?

For this quadratic function, you have

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = –0.0032x2 + x + 3

which implies that a = –0.0032 and b = 1 and c = 3.


Task 4 – Solution

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