Introduction to Greek
Exegesis (Greek 3)
Adjectives, Pronouns, Articles,
and Prepositions
Greek Adjective
Non-Adjectival Uses of the Adjective: The basic
function of adjective is as a modifier of a noun or
other substantive. But it also deviates to other role.
The Adverbial Use: The adjective is sometimes used in the
place of adverb mainly neuter accusative like:
loipo,n( mi,kron(mo,non( polu,( prw/ton( u[steron bracu,
( (short/little) ( ktl) E.g. Matt. 6:33 ζητεῖτε δὲ πρῶτον τὴν
βασιλείαν – But seek first the kingdom of God; Jn. 1:41; 4:18;
10:10.
the Independent (Substantive) Use: The adjective is
frequently used independently of a noun and usually has an
article with it. E.g. Matt. 6:13; 13:17; Luke 6:45; Acts 2:23;
Rom. 1:17; 2 Cor. 6:15). Some substantives like Ku,rioj
e;rhmoj dia,boloj (slanderous as a noun ‘devil’) a`gioj (holy as
a noun, ‘saint’) function as independent use without the
article.
Greek Adjective: Positive,
comparative, and superlative use
Introduction: Positive focuses on kind or
quality but not degree. But the comparative
and superlative adjective focus on the
properties of a noun in terms of degree. The
difference between the comparative and
superlative adjective is not a kind, or a
degree but a number. The comparative
adjective compare two things whereas the
superlative compare three or more. In Koine
Greek these two overlap.
Greek Adjective: Positive,
comparative, and superlative use
The Use of the Positive Adjective:
Normal: It simply qualifies the noun to which it stands
related E.g. Acts 27:14 ἄνεμος τυφωνικὸς violent wind.
For comparative: in rare occasion, the positive
adjective is used for comparative E.g. Matt. 18:8 καλόν
σοί ἐστιν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν – It is better for you to
enter into life; Other examples in Luke 18:14; 1 Cor.
10:33.
Positive for Superlative: Occasionally, the positive
adjective is used in the place of a superlative adjective
when it is in the attributive position and is used with
the par excellence article. E.g. Matt. 22:38 αὕτη ἐστὶν
ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή - this is the greatest and
the first commandment; See also in Luke 9:48; 10:42).
Greek Adjective: Positive,
comparative, and superlative use
The Use of the Comparative Adjective:
Normal Usage: In such use the adjective is followed by
a genitive of comparison or the particle. E.g. Matt. 12:6
λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι τοῦ ἱεροῦ μεῖζόν ἐστιν ὧδε – I tell you
that [something] greater than the temple is hear; See
other examples in Matt. 10:25; Phil. 1:14; Heb. 4:12.
Comparative for superlative: This usage is relatively
rare E.g. 1 Cor. 13:13 μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη –the
greatest of these is love.
Comparative for elative: The use something like ‘the
very great man’ than ‘greater man.’ E.g. Acts 17:22
κατὰ πάντα ὡς δεισιδαιμονεστέρους ὑμᾶς θεωρῶ- I see
that how in every way you are very religious.
Greek Adjective: Positive,
comparative, and superlative use
The Use of Superlative Adjective:
Normal usage: In Koine Greek, the true superlative sense for
the superlative adjective is on its way out. Thus the superlative
sense for the superlative adjective is “normal” more in name
than in reality. E.g. Jn. 11:24 ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ
ἡμέρᾳ - in the resurrection on the last day; See also Acts 16:17; 1
Cor. 15:9; Eph. 3:8.
Superlative for elative: Apart from prw/toj and e;scatoj the
superlative is used about as frequently for the elative as it is for
the superlative. E.g. Mk. 4:1 καὶ συνάγεται πρὸς αὐτὸν ὄχλος
πλεῖστος – and a very large crowd gathered to him; Luke 1:3; 1
Cor. 4:3.
Superlative for comparative: is used with prw/toj and rarely
with e;scatoj and with other superlative forms. E.g. Matt. 21:28;
Jn. 20:4 καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου καὶ
ἦλθεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον-but the other disciple outrun Peter
and reached the tomb first.
Greek Adjective: its Relation
to Noun
With the article:
Attributive Position: It functions as attributive: first attributive form
article-adjective-noun (Matt. 4:5; Luke 6:45; Phil. 3:2), second
attributive position article-noun-article-adjective (Matt. 5:29; Acts
11:15; Heb. 6:4; Rev. 19:2), third attributive form noun-article-
adjective and is a least frequent (Luke 15:22; Jn. 1:18).
The predicate position: First predicate position adjective-article-
noun. Here the adjective is more emphatic than noun. E.g. Matt.
5:9; Mk. 9:50; 2 Cor. 1:18. The second position article-noun-
adjective; the noun is slightly emphatic than adjective or both have
equal emphasis. E.g. Jn. 3:33; Rom. 12:9; Jas. 2:26; 1Per. 2:12.
Some words as pa/j, o[loj that function sometimes as adjective
sometimes as pronoun take predicative position but have
attributive function.
Greek Adjective: its Relation
to Noun
With the absence of article: When there
is no article with the noun and adjective, it is
more difficult to ascertain. Conversely it
could express either attributive or
predicative. The key solution to determine is
the context. One of the exegetically and
theologically significant texts (2 Tim. 3:16
πᾶσα γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ ὠφέλιμος all
Scripture is God breathed and profitable/all
God breathed Scripture is also profitable?
The Greek Pronouns
Introduction:
Pronoun replaces nouns, other substantives
or noun phrases and in so doing so it agrees
with its antecedent in gender and number
but its case is determined by the pronouns’
function in its own clause. Pronouns could
have antecedent (e.g. Dawit bought the
book which I told him.) or postcedent (e.g.
After he read the book, Joseph gave it to
Mary).
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns: (evgw,
h`mei/j( su( u`mei/j( auvto,j) They are by far
the most frequent compared to others. They
are used in nominative and non-nominative
uses. In nominative cases they are used
primarily for emphasis. The emphasis is
more on noun than the verb. E.g. Matt. 2:6
(you Bethlehem), Mk. 8:29 (You are the
Christ), 10:28 (we have left); Jn. 1:23; Rev.
3:9. Non-nominative use is more frequent
than the nominative one. Normal use (Jn.
4:7; Acts 27:32; Rom. 6:8; Rev. 17:16),
possessive (Rev. 17:16), reflexive E.g. Jn.
Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns (ou-toj, evkei/noj, and o[de):
ou-toj (Matt. 8:27; Jn. 9:2; Acts 4:11; Gal. 4:24), evkei/noj
(Matt. 13:11; Jn. 7:45; Jas. 4:15), o[de (Acts 21:11; Rev.
2:18). The last one occurs only ten times. The first two
sometimes function as personal pronoun (Jn. 5:6; 8:44;
11:29).
Relative Pronouns (definite o[j and indefinite o[stij): As
their name implies, they relate more than one clause. The
relative pronoun agrees in gender and number of its
antecedent but its case is determined by the function it
has in its own clause. o[j is regularly used to link a noun or
other substantive to the relative clause, which either
describes, clarifies, or restricts the meaning of the noun
(Jn. 1:26; Acts 4:10; Eph. 2:2-3; Rev. 1:1).
Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns ti,j( ti, (occurring
over 500 times), typically asking an
identifying question (“Who?” or “What?”). ti,j
is used to introduce both direct and indirect
questions (Matt. 1:27; 5:46; Mk. 8:27; 9:34;
Acts 1:11).
poi/oj used far more sparingly in the NT
(only 33 times), normally asks a qualitative
question (“What sort?”), while po,soj (27
times) asks a quantitative question (“How
much?”) (Matt. 15:34; Mk. 11:28; Luke 16:7;
Jn. 12:33; 1 Pet. 1:11).
Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns tij( ti) It is used to introduce a
number of a class without further identification. It can be
translated as anyone, someone, a certain, or a(an).and
used both substantively (as a true pronoun Matt. 16:24;
Jn. 6:51; Heb. 3:4) and adjectivally (Luke 10:25; Rom.
8:39; Phil. 2:1).
Possessive “Pronouns” (= Adjectives): Greek does
not have a distinct possessive pronoun. Instead, it
usually employs either the possessive adjective
(evmo,j( so,j( h`me,teroj( u`me,teroj) or the genitive of
the personal pronoun. Thus, possessive in Greek can be
expressed by the possessive adjectives, by the genitive
of the personal pronoun, by the article, and by i;dioj.
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns: The reflexive pronouns are
evmautou/ (of myself) seautou/ (of yourself) e`autou/
(of himself) e`autw/n (of themselves). In such use the
subject is also the object of the action verb and thus
reflects back on the subject. E.g. Matt. 4:6; Mk. 5:30;
Luke 1:24; 2:39; Rom. 5:8; Eph. 5:19; Phil. 2:7; Heb.
5:5.
Reciprocal Pronouns: The reciprocal pronoun,
avllh,lwn (of one another), is used to indicate an
interchange between two or more groups. It is thus
always plural and, like the reflexive pronoun, occurs
only in the oblique cases. E.g. Matt. 24:10; Mk. 9:50; Jn.
13:34; Eph. 4:25.
Pronouns
Intensive Pronoun: The intensive pronoun,
auvtoj is far and away the most common
pronoun used in the NT. auvto,j functions as
an intensive pronoun when it is in predicate
position to an articular noun (or to an
anarthrous proper name), and it has the
force of himself, herself, itself, etc. E.g. Mk.
12:36; Jn. 2:24; 1 Thess. 4:16; Jas. 2:7. When
modifying an articular substantive in the
auvto,j attributive position, is used as an
identifying adjective. As such, it is translated
same. E.g. Luke 23:40; 1 Cor. 12:5; Phil. 2:2.
The Greek Article
Introduction:
The Greek article is both fascinating and neglected. E.g. see
how tw|/ a`martwlw/| in Luke 18:13 is translated in different
English versions. The article is used far more frequently
(20,000 times) in the NT than any other word. The article is
originally derived from the demonstrative pronoun with its
force to point out something.
The primary function of the article is not definitize the
indefinite because there could be definite ideas without
definite article. But it has the ability to conceptualize thing/s
in one’s mind. It has a power to change any part of speech
into a noun (concept). The secondary use is to identify. It
predominantly stresses the identity of an individual or class
or quality. The tertiary function is definitizing.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
1. As a pronoun: In many instances article can
function semantically in the place of pronoun.
A. Personal pronoun (he, she, it): The article is
often used in the place of a third person personal
pronoun in the nominative case frequently in the
Gospels and Acts. E.g. John 4:32 ὁ δὲ εἶπεν
αὐτοῖς,… but he said to them…
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
B. Alternative personal pronoun (the one…the
other): in this case the article is used with men and de
and if singular, translated as one… and the other, but if
plural, as some…others. E.g. Acts 17:32 Ἀκούσαντες δὲ
ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύαζον, οἱ δὲ εἶπαν,
Ἀκουσόμεθά σου περὶ τούτου καὶ πάλιν. When they had
heard the resurrection of the dead, some scoffed but
others said, “we will hear about these things again.
C. Relative Pronoun (who, which): This happens when
the article is repeated after a noun before a phrase. E.g.
Matth. 6:9 Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·- Our fahter
(who) in heaven; Other examples in Mk. 4:15; Luke
7:32; Acts 15:1; 1 Cor. 1:18; Phil. 3:9; Jas. 2:7.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
2. With Substantives (Dependent or Modifying
Use):
A. Individualizing Article: The function of the article is
pointing out a particular object. This can be:
Simple Identification: distinguishing one individual
from another. E.g. Matth. 5:15 (ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον- under
the bowl); See also Luke 4:20; Acts 10:9; 1 Cor. 4:5.
Anaphronic: denotes the previous reference. It is the most common
use of the article. E.g. Jn. 1:21 [Ὁ προφήτης εἶ σύ;- Are you the
prophet? Deut. 18:15]; See also John 4:9, 10, 40, 43, 50; Acts 19:15;
6:4.
Kataphronic: Refers to what comes after. E.g. 2 Cor. 8:18 τὸν
ἀδελφὸν οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ διὰ πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν-the
brother who is famous among all the churches for his preaching of the
gospel.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
Deictic: the article is occasionally used to point out
an object or person which/who is present at the
moment of speaking. E.g. Matt. 14:15 (Ἔρημός ἐστιν
ὁ τόπος-the place is desert); See too Luke 17:6; Jn.
19:5; 1 Thess. 5:27.
Par excellence: points out a substantive that is ‘in a
class by itself’ someone/thing which deserves the
name-the best or the worst. E.g. Mk. 1:10 τὸ πνεῦμα-
the Spirit; See to Acts 1:7; 1 Cor. 3:13.
Monadic: identifies one-of-its-kind nouns. E.g. Matt.
4:1 ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου ‘by the devil; See too Matt.
9:35; Mk. 9:27; 13:24; Jn. 129; Acts 18:26.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
Well known: It refers to a well known object
that has not been mentioned in the preceding
context (anaphoric), nor considered to be the
best of its class (par excellence), nor is one of
a kind (nomadic). E.g. Matt. 13:55 ὁ τοῦ
τέκτονος υἱός;- the Son of the carpenter? See
Acts 2:42.
Abstract: The article is used by the abstract
nouns more frequently ἡ σωτηρία ἐκ τῶν
Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν- (-) Salvation is from the Jews;
See too Jn. 4:22; Matt. 7:23; Acts 6:10; Rom.
12:9.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
Generic Article: It distinguishes one class
from another. For example o` avnqropoj if
it is used as an individual, it can be
translated as a person/man but if it is
generic, it can be translated as humankind
in contrast to animal kingdom or the realm
of angels. E.g. Luke 10:7 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ
ἐργάτης- Worthy is the laborer; See too
Matt. 18:17; Jn. 2:25; Rom. 13:4; Eph.
5:25.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
As a substantive (with certain parts of speech): The
article can turn almost any part of speech into a noun:
adverbs, adjectives, prepositional phrases, infinitives,
participles, and even finite verbs.
With adverbs E.g. Matt. 8:28 τὸ πέραν- the other side) See Jn.
4:31; 8:23.
with adjectives E.g. Matt. 5:5 μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς- Blessed are
the poor; 6:13; Mk. 6:7; Luke 23:49; Rom. 5:7.
with participles E.g. Matt. 2:23 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος;- Are you the
one who is to come? See other examples Luke 7:19; 2 Cor. 2:15,
with infinitives E.g. Mk. 10:40 τὸ δὲ καθίσαι ἐκ δεξιῶν μου…- to
sit (sitting) at my right side…; Acts 27:20; Rom. 7:18),
with a prepositional phrase E.g. 1 Cor. 13:10 τὸ ἐκ μέρους
καταργηθήσεται- the partial will disappear; See also Phil. 1:27,
29
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
As a function marker: Normally unless it is
the pronoun or proper noun, the subject has an
article (Luke 11:7; Jn. 13:31), to distinguish
subject from predicate nominative and object
from complement (Matt. 12:8; Jn. 5:18; Phil.
1:8; 1 Tim 6:5), and with the infinitive to
denote various function like articular
infinitives.
The Greek Article: Regular Uses
Absence of the Article: The noun cannot be
indefinite with definite article but it can be definite
without definite article. If the noun is anarthrous, it
can be indefinite, qualitative, or definite.
Qualitative E.g. Jn. 1:4 ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν – in him was life
Definite: proper names (Luke 5:8; Jn. 1:45; Acts 19:13; 1
Cor. 1:13), object of a preposition (Luke 5:12; Jn. 1:1;
Rom. 1:4), with ordinal numbers (Matt. 14:25; Mk. 15:25;
Jn.4:6), with predicate with copula verbs, with
complement in object-complement construction (Jn.
5:18; Rom. 10:9), monadic nouns like sun, earth, devil
(Luke 1:35; 21:25; Jn. 6:70; 19:13), abstract nouns (19:9;
Jn.1:16; Jn.17:17), a genitive construction (Matt. 3:16 ;
Jn. 5:29; Acts 7:8), and generic nouns (1 Cor. 1:20)
The Greek Article: Special
Uses and Non-Uses
Anarthrous Pre-Verbal [before the equative verb]
Predicate Nominatives-Colwell’s Rule: In general,
predicate nominative is anarthrous and it follows
the copula. It is usually qualitative or indefinite. In
Colwell’s rule definite predicate nouns which
precede the verb usually lack the article and cannot
be translated as an indefinite or a ‘qualitative’
solely because of the absence of the article.
Definite predicative nominative: E.g. Jn. 1:49 σὺ βασιλεὺς
εἶ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ – you are the king of Israel;
Qualitative predicate nominative: E.g. Jn. 1:14 Καὶ ὁ
λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο –the word became flesh; Jn. 5:10; 1
Jn. 4:8.
Indefinite predicate nominative: E.g. Jn. 4:19 θεωρῶ ὅτι
προφήτης εἶ σύ - I see that you are a prophet .
The Greek Article: Special
Uses and Non-Uses
The Granville Sharp Rule: The Article with
Multiple Substantives Connected by Kai,:
If two or more substantives are connected by
kai and the preceding substantive with article,
the article modifies both but both should refer
to the same person. This rule works with the
nouns that are singular, person, non-proper
names, in the same case.
Nouns (E.g. Mk. 6:3 οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τέκτων, ὁ
υἱὸς τῆς Μαρίας καὶ ἀδελφὸς Ἰακώβου καὶ Ἰωσῆτος
καὶ Ἰούδα καὶ Σίμωνος; See also Jn. 20:17; Eph.
6:21; Heb. 3:1; 1 Pet. 1:3; Rev. 1:9),
The Greek Article: Special
Uses and Non-Uses
participles (Jn. 6:33 ὁ γὰρ ἄρτος τοῦ
θεοῦ ἐστιν ὁ καταβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
See also Matt.27:40;; Acts 15:38; Eph.
2:14),
adjectives (Acts 3:14ὑμεῖς δὲ τὸν
ἅγιον καὶ δίκαιον ἠρνήσασθε.
Christologically important texts (Tit.
2:13 προσδεχόμενοι (while we wait for) τὴν
μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν (appearance) τῆς
δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ, 2 Pet. 1:1).
The Greek Article: Special
Uses and Non-Uses
This rule works mainly if both are singular.
In plural, sometimes, it does not work (Matt. 3:7 Ἰδὼν δὲ
πολλοὺς τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων – but when he
saw many of the Pharisees and Saducees; 16:21; Acts
17:12; Rev. 21:8)
and sometimes it works (Jn. 20:29 μακάριοι οἱ μὴ ἰδόντες
καὶ πιστεύσαντες – blessed are those who have not seen
and yet who have believed; Eph. 1:1).
It also does not work if the first is the subset of the second
(Matt. 9:11 Διὰ τί μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίει ὁ
διδάσκαλος ὑμῶν – why does your teacher eats with the tax
collectors and sinners; Luke 14:3) and vice versa (Mk. 2:16; 1
Cor. 5:10).
The Greek Prepositions
(Consult BAGD for
complete Discussion)
General Consideration
Over 10,000 of the prepositions occur in the NT which
remarks that four out five verses have at least one
preposition. A proper understanding of prepositions is vital
to exegesis. Many exegetical debates have turned on the
use of a particular preposition. In general, the more
common a preposition is, the more varied are its uses.
The prepositions that take accusative and dative case
objects function adverbially. They are in some respects,
extended adverbs. They frequently modify verbs and tell
how, when, where, etc. They show how the verb connects
to various objects.
When they take a genitive case they function adjectivally.
Prepositions
General Consideration
One must observe whether prepositions are stative
(suggest a state) or transitive (imply motion).
Nevertheless, one has to be cautioned to this rule
because some prepositions can function as both stative
and transitive depending on the kind of the verb they are
with. E.g. pro,j in Luke 6:47 is motion but in Jn. 1:1 is
stative. eivj in Jn. 1:18( monogenh.j qeo.j o` w'n eivj to.n
ko,lpon tou/ patro,j) is stative. Thus, the stative verbs
override the transitive force of the prepositions. For this
reason no preposition must be treated by itself apart
from its relation with its verb. Prepositions are also used
with cases to clarify, strengthen, or alter the basic
meaning of the case usage.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
avna. (with Genitive)
Distributive: in the midst of (avna. me,son + G);
each, apiece (with numbers);
Spatial (in composition with verbs): up, motion
upwards.
Some significant passages are Mark 16:4; Acts 17:6;
2 Cor. 1:13; 3:2; 2 Tim 1:6.
avnti, (with genitive only):
Basic uses substitution-instead of, in place of (Matt.
20:28; Mk. 10:45);
exchange/equivalence-for, as, in the place of (Gen.
44:33; Matt. 17:27);
and cause though debatable (Heb. 12:2).
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
avpo, (with genitive only):
separation-away from;
source- from, out of;
cause-because of;
Partitive-of;
agency-by, from.
See also some significant passages like Rom. 5:9; Rev. 1:4; 12:6.
dia,
with genitive:
agency-by, through;
means-through;
spatial-through;
temporal-through (out), during;
with accusative:
cause-because of, on account of, for the sake of,
spatial (rare)-through.
See some significant passages (Matt. 1:22; Jn. 1:3; Rom. 3:25; 4:25; Eph. 2:8; 1 Tim.
2:15; Heb. 2:10; 1 Jn. 5:6.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
Eivj (with accusative only):
Spatial-into, toward, in;
Temporal-for, throughout;
Purpose-for, in order to, to;
Result-so that, with the result that;
Reference/Respect-with the respect to, with
reference to;
Advantage-for;
Disadvantage-against;
In the place of evn with various nuances.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
See some significant passages involving Eivj in Acts 2:28
(causal-because of the forgiveness of sins? cf. Matt. 3:11 );
(purpose-for/unto the forgiveness of sins which leads to the
teaching that salvation is based on works?). The second
view is completely against the teaching of Acts that
repentance precedes baptism (3:19; 26:20), and salvation
is entirely the gift of God, not procured via water baptism
(10:43, 47; 13:38-39, 48; 15:11; 16:30-31; 20:21; 26:18).
Baptism can be both spiritual (the reality which is baptism
by the Spirit) and physical/ritual (which symbolizes the
reality) see Acts 10:47 cf. 2:38. The former is the internal
testimony of the Spirit via spiritual baptism but the later is
a public testimony via water baptism. Other significant
passages are Jn. 1:18; Eph. 4:12-13; Phil. 1:10; 1Pet. 1:11.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
evk (with genitive only):
Source-out of, from;
Separation-away from, from;
Temporal-from, from [this point]… on;
Cause-because of;
Partitive-of;
Means-by, from.
See other significant passages Matt. 26:27 [wrong
translation found in KJV ‘Drink ye all of it’-it is said
that the priest drank all and got drunk; Rom. 1:17;
Eph. 3:15; Rev. 3:10.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
VEn (with dative only):
Spatial/Sphere-in;
Temporal-in, within, when, while, during;
Association-with;
Cause-because of;
Instrumental-by, with;
Reference/Respect: with respect to/with reference to;
Manner-with;
Some significant passages are: dative of means (Mk. 1:8-here
Jesus is the agent and the Spirit is the means cf. 1 Cor. 12:13 as
fulfillment of the former text, Eph. 5:18 Christians must by filled
by Christ [Eph. 4:10] by means of the Spirit [5:18] with the
content of the fullness of God [3:19]. What does evn Cristw|
means in the passages Jn. 14:17; 1 Cor. 7:15; Gal. 1:16; 1 Pet.
2:12?
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
VEpi,
With Genitive:
Spatial-on, upon, at, near;
Temporal-in the time o, during;
Cause-on the basis of;
with Dative:
Spatial-on, upon, against, at, near;
Temporal-at, at the time of, during;
Cause-on the basis of;
with Accusative:
Spatial-on, upon, to, up to, against;
Temporal-for, over a period of.
Other significant passages are: Matt. 19:9; Mk. 10:11;
Rom. 5:12; Eph. 2:10; 2 Cor. 5:4.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
Kata,
with Genitive:
Spatial-down from, throughout;
opposition-against;
Source-from;
with Accusative:
Standard- in accordance with, corresponding to;
spatial-along, through [extension], toward, up to
[direction];
Temporal-at, during;
Purpose-for the purpose of;
Reference/Respect: with respect to, with reference to.
Other significant texts are: Acts 14:23; Rom. 8:5; 1 Cor.
15:3-4; 1 Pet. 3:7.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
Meta
with Genitive:
association-with, in company with;
Spatial-with, among;
Manner [attendant circumstance]-with;
with Accusative:
Temporal-after, behind;
Spatial [but rare]-after, behind.
Some significant passages are: Matt. 27:66; 1
Tess. 3:13; Col. 3:4; Rev. 2:16; 12:7; 13:4;
17:14.
Prepositions: Specific Prepositions
Para,
with Genitive:
Source/spatial-form;
Agency-from, by;
with Dative:
Spatial-near, beside;
Sphere-in the sight of, before [someone],
Association- with [someone/something];
with Accusative:
Spatial-by, alongside of, near, on;
Comparison-in comparison to, more than;
Opposition-against, contrary to.
Some significant passages are: Jn. 1:6; 14; 6:46; 15:26;
Rom. 1:25; 1 Cor. 7:24; 12:15.
Prepositions: Specific Prepositions
Peri,
with Genitive:
Reference-concerning;
Advantage/ Representation-on behalf of, for;
with Accusative:
Spatial-around, near,
Temporal-about, near;
Reference/Respect- with regard/reference to.
Some significant passages: Jn. 11:19; Acts
25:18; 1Thess 5:1; 3 Jn.2.
Prepositions: Specific Prepositions
Pro,
with Genitive only):
Spatial-before in front of, at;
Temporal-before;
Rank/Priority-before.
Some significant passages: Luke 21:12 Jn.
1:48; 12:1; 13:19; 17:5, 24; 1 Cor. 2:7; Gal.
3:23; Eph. 1:4 ; Col. 1:17; 2 Tim. 1:9; Titus
1:2; 1 Pet. 1:20.
Prepositions: Specific Prepositions
Pro,j (with Accusative only)
Purpose-for, for the purpose of;
Spatial-toward;
Temporal-toward, for [duration];
Result-so that, with the result that;
Opposition-against;
Association-with, in company with (with stative
verbs).
Some significant passages: Mk. 6:25; 15:43;
Luke 1:28; Acts 10:3; 11:3; 16:40; 17:2; 28:8;
2 Cor. 5:8; 2 Tim. 3:16; 1 Jn. 5:16; Rev. 3:20.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
Su,n With dative:
Accompaniment/Association-with, in association
(company) with.
Some significant passages are: Phil. 1:23; 1 Thess. 4:17.
Upe,r Basic uses:
with Genitive:
Representation/Advantage-on behalf of, for the sake of;
Reference/Respect-concerning with reference to. Substitution-
in place of, instead of;
with Accusative:
Spatial-over, above;
Comparison-more than, beyond.
Some significant passages are: 2 Cor. 5:14; Jn. 11:50; Rom.
9:3; Gal. 3:13; 1 Tim. 2:6; Phil.13.
Prepositions: Specific
Prepositions
Upo,
with Genitive: Primary Agency-by;
Intermediate agency-through;
Means-by [rare]; with Accusative:
Spatial-under, below;
Subordination-under [the rule of].
Some important passages: Matt. 1:22; 2:15;
Rom. 3:9; 6:14.