Router
A router is a device that forwards data packets among
networks. A router is connected to at least two
networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and
its ISP's network. Routers are located at gateways,
the places where two or more networks connect.
Internal Hardware of a Router
Processor
Motherboard
RAM (Random Access Memory)
NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access
Memory)
Flash (IOS-Internetwork Operating System)
Interfaces of a Router
Console
Aux
Ethernet/ Fastethernet/ Gigabitethernet
Serial/ Smart Serial
SFP
USB
Types of Router
Non Modular Router
Non-modular router are low-end router and
have fixed interfaces/Cards, we cannot add
ports/interfaces latter on. This class of
routers used to connect a home or small
business ISP users.
Types of Router
Modular Router
In modular router the interfaces are not
fixed so that we will be able to install cards
latter on this router.
Types of Router
Chassis Router
A Chassis is a frame/housing for mounting
the circuit components for Cisco Switches
and Routers or any type of devices that
provides power and a high-speed
backplane. The frame also protects all of
the vital internal equipment from dust,
moisture, and tampering.
Configuration commands
Configuration Commands
Router Mode Command Description
Prompts
Continue with No To enable the
configuration user mode
dialog?
[yes/no]:
Router> User mode Enable To enter into
the router
privilege mode
Router# Privilege mode Show running- Will show the
config content from
RAM
Router# Privilege mode Show startup- Will show the
config content from
NVRAM
Router# Privilege mode Show flash: Will show the
content from
flash
Configuration Commands
Router Mode Command Description
Prompts
Router# Privilege mode Configure To enter global
terminal configuration
mode
Router(config)# Global Hostname Will change the
configuration Dhaka router
mode hostname
Router# Privilege mode Show ip route Will show the
routing table
Router# Privilege mode Ping Used to check
the connectivity
Changing the Hostname
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Dhaka
Dhaka(config)#
Setting Password
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#password 123
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#enable password 456
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password 789
Password Encryption
Router(config)#service password-encryption
Saving and Erasig the Configuration
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Or
Router#write memory
Router#write erase [Erase the
configuration]
Router#reload [Router restarts]
Assign IP address
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Cooper Straight Through Cable
Straight-through cable is a type of twisted pair cooper
wire cable for the local area network (LAN) use for
which the RJ-45 connectors at each end have the same
pinout.
Crossover Cable
A crossover cable is a type of twisted pair
cooper wire cable for LANs in which the wires
on the cable are crossed over so that the
receive signal pins on the RJ-45 connector on
one end are connected to the transmit signal
pins on the RJ-45 connector on the other end.
Rollover Cable
Rollover wired cables, most commonly called rollover cables,
have opposite Pin assignments on each end of the cable or, in
other words, it is "rolled over." Pin 1 of connector A would be
connected to Pin 8 of connector B. Pin 2 of connector A would
be connected to Pin 7 of connector B and so on.
Routing
In internetworking, the process of moving a
packet or data from source to destination is
Routing. Routing is usually performed by a
dedicated device called a router. Routing is
a key feature of the Internet because it
enables messages to pass from one computer
to another and eventually reach the target
machine.
Types of Routing
Static Routing
Default
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing Types
1. Distance Vector Routing Protocol
Example: RIP, RIPv2, RIPng
2. Link State Routing Protocol
Example: OSPF, OSPFv2, OSPFv3
3. Hybrid Routing Protocol
Example: EIGRP, EIGRPv6
Static Route
Static routes, which define explicit paths
between two routers, cannot be
automatically updated; you must manually
reconfigure static routes when network
changes occur. Static routes use less
bandwidth than dynamic routes. No CPU
cycles are used to calculate and analyze
routing updates.
Static Routing Configuration
Commands for Router 0
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 193.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Commands for Router 1
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 194.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 193.168.1.2
255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Routing configuration on Router 0
Router(config)#ip route 194.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
serial 0/0/0
Routing configuration on Router 1
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
serial 0/0/0
Default Routing
This is the method where all routers are
configured to send all packets towards a
single router. This is a very useful method
for small networks or for networks with a
single entry and exit point. It is usually used
in addition to Static and/or Dynamic routing.
Default routes are useful when dealing with
a network with a single exit point.
Default Routing on Router 0
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0
Default Routing on Router 1
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of
the oldest distance-vector routing protocols.
Why distance vector Routing protocol?
Because it sends periodic update to its
neighbors and uses hop count to find out
the best path of the remote network.
Characteristics of RIP
1. Open standard, Distance vector Routing
protocol
2. Sends Routing Update after every 30
seconds
3. Uses "Hop Count" metric to chose the best
path
4. Lowest hop is the best path
5. Supports 15 Hop count limit
6. Simple configuration, RIP works well in small
network
7. Default Administrative Distance (AD) is 120
Versions RIP
RIP has 3 versions
1) RIPv1-Supports only classfull Routing
(Don't support VLSM, CIDR)
2) RIPv2-Supports classless Routing (VLSM,
CIDR supported)
3) RIPng- for IPv6
Configuration Commands
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network A.B.C.D
Router(config-router)#network A.B.C.D
In case of version 2 we need to add another
one command i.e.
Router(config-router)#version 2
No more today……………………
